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KSMO
Santa Monica, United States
Runway 21
Elevation125 ft asl
Weight8,979 lbs
Fuel1,128 lbs
Wind220° · 4 kn

Flight Score

79.68 %
KRAL
Riverside, United States
Runway 16
Elevation774 ft asl
Weight8,795 lbs
Fuel936 lbs
28 Dec 2022 0:15 69 nm Aero L-39 Albatros 192 lbs
Departure Score
91.87 %
Enroute Score
59.80 %
Arrival Score
86.29 %

What went well

Touchdown 514 ft in — inside the full-score zone
Straight touchdown — 1.5 ft off the centreline, no bounce
Rollout held the centreline — 0.2 ft off at taxi speed

What held you back

Arrival Landing — at 0 %, −2.43 points
Enroute Climb — GPWS warning, then 250 kt exceeded below 10,000 ft; speed limits at 0 %, g force 0.51 to 2.53 g at 27 %, −1.55 points
Enroute Descent — 250 kt exceeded below 10,000 ft, then GPWS warning; speed limits at 0 %, bank angle up to 60.5 ° at 59 %, −1.43 points

Next time

Work on the flare

See Arrival Landing

You crossed the threshold slow. Without the speed there is little energy left to round out with, so the flare comes up short and the touchdown tends to be firm - and that feels exactly like flaring too late. Resist the fix that feels natural, flaring earlier: it bleeds off more speed and makes the next landing firmer still. Fly the approach speed all the way to the threshold, and the flare has something to work with.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 25 stages, 24 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 35 minutes and covered 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 5 kn0 kn min to max 22 kn 0 22 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-0.8 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.0 0.3 °

Events

Fail Beacon Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 6 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 6 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 6 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 6 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 6 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl · 5 kt
Departure Roll 89.36Departure roll runway 21 at KSMO Santa Monica Muni. Takeoff distance 17,570 ft 353 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 118 kn. Local weather - Temperature 58 °F. Wind 4 kn at 220 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 4 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Takeoff distance 17,570 ft353 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 118 knTarget 115 kn
97 % Runway alignment max 3.5 ft0.0 ft left to 3.5 ft right -3.1 -1.7 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.92 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.04 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.2 ° min to max 3.4 ° -0.6 3.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.2 0.1 °

Events

Fail Strobe Light OFF should be ON
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 21 KSMO Santa Monica Muni.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average speed 128 kn118 kn min to max 136 kn 118 136 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.1 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.06 g1.00 g min to max 1.12 g 1.05 1.10 g
Info Average VSI 377 ft/m183 ft/m min to max 637 ft/m 183 637 ft/m
Info Average altitude 11 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 35 ft agl 0 35 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.3 °3.6 ° min to max 7.2 ° 3.6 7.2 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 48 ft agl · 136 kt
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 21 KSMO Santa Monica Muni.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.0 °
100 % Average speed 143 kn136 kn min to max 176 kn 136 176 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.1 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.08 g0.89 g min to max 1.15 g 1.10 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1,098 ft/m655 ft/m min to max 1,719 ft/m 655 1,542 ft/m
Info Average altitude 132 ft agl70 ft agl min to max 399 ft agl 70 399 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.0 °6.4 ° min to max 8.6 ° 7.3 6.4 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 271 ft agl · 157 kt
Departure Climb 3 80.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 21 KSMO Santa Monica Muni.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °-0.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° -0.0 1.4 °
100 % Average speed 194 kn180 kn min to max 202 kn 180 202 kn
0 % Average bank angle 15.4 °0.0 ° min to max 35.1 ° 0.0 35.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.12 g0.98 g min to max 1.24 g 0.98 1.24 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 2,354 ft/m1,574 ft/m min to max 3,067 ft/m 1,574 3,067 ft/m
Info Average altitude 596 ft agl391 ft agl min to max 848 ft agl 391 848 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.2 °6.0 ° min to max 9.9 ° 6.0 9.9 °
Enroute Climb 49.46Enroute climb started overhead Venice (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Climbing from 1,059 ft asl to 1,683 ft asl, an increase of 624 ft in 1 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Climb speed 258 kn204 kn min to max 295 knTarget 150 kn 204 295 kn
73 % Average bank angle 28.3 °0.1 ° min to max 53.7 ° 36.5 48.8 °
77 % Average g force 1.18 g0.39 g min to max 1.66 g 1.10 1.51 g
Info Average VSI 822 ft/m-654 ft/m min to max 3,116 ft/m 3,116 99 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,408 ft asl1,059 ft asl min to max 1,683 ft asl 1,059 1,683 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.6 °-1.5 ° min to max 9.0 ° 9.0 0.0 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 55.75Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north west of Santa Monica (Los Angeles County, California, United States) and lasted 3 minutes, covering 13 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
75 % Average altitude 1,704 ft asl1,601 ft asl min to max 1,807 ft asl 1,685 1,760 ft asl
0 % Average speed 303 kn295 kn min to max 308 kn 295 304 kn
64 % Average bank angle 10.2 °0.0 ° min to max 58.0 ° 49.0 58.0 °
77 % Average g force 1.06 g0.81 g min to max 1.65 g 1.47 1.51 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-2.6 ° min to max 0.9 ° -0.1 0.3 °

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,684 ft agl
Enroute Descent 39.75Enroute descent started 1 mile south of Glendale (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Descent from 1,759 ft asl to 1,103 ft asl, a decrease of 656 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 314 kn304 kn min to max 318 kn 304 316 kn
59 % Average bank angle 26.0 °0.0 ° min to max 60.5 ° 59.5 10.6 °
61 % Average g force 1.26 g0.91 g min to max 1.93 g 1.33 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -1,235 ft/m-3,583 ft/m min to max 50 ft/m 50 -985 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,334 ft asl1,103 ft asl min to max 1,759 ft asl 1,759 1,103 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.9 °-6.7 ° min to max -1.0 ° -1.0 -2.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,758 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 996 ft agl · 322 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 865 ft agl · 322 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 864 ft agl · 322 kt
Enroute Level 2 78.04Enroute level cruise started 1 mile east of Echo Park (Los Angeles County, California, United States) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 8 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
95 % Average altitude 1,147 ft asl987 ft asl min to max 1,278 ft asl 1,086 1,278 ft asl
0 % Average speed 306 kn298 kn min to max 318 kn 317 298 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.7 °0.1 ° min to max 34.2 ° 13.3 1.8 °
94 % Average g force 1.04 g0.84 g min to max 1.35 g 0.98 1.04 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-3.1 ° min to max 1.4 ° -3.1 1.4 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Enroute Descent 865 ft agl · 322 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,085 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 627 ft agl · 321 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 742 ft agl · 311 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 832 ft agl · 308 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 759 ft agl · 309 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 599 ft agl · 322 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 627 ft agl · 321 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 719 ft agl · 311 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 774 ft agl · 308 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 845 ft agl · 310 kt
Enroute Climb 2 60.00Enroute climb started 1 mile east of South San Gabriel (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Climbing from 1,299 ft asl to 1,551 ft asl, an increase of 252 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 297 kn295 kn min to max 298 kn 298 297 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.4 °0.0 ° min to max 28.7 ° 1.1 28.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.21 g 1.03 0.94 g
Info Average VSI 538 ft/m-345 ft/m min to max 1,245 ft/m 1,175 309 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,457 ft asl1,299 ft asl min to max 1,551 ft asl 1,299 1,551 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-1.8 ° min to max 1.5 ° 1.4 -1.2 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,298 ft agl
Enroute Descent 2 58.51Enroute descent started 1 mile south east of South El Monte (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Descent from 1,548 ft asl to 1,209 ft asl, a decrease of 339 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 307 kn298 kn min to max 310 kn 298 308 kn
100 % Average bank angle 11.2 °0.0 ° min to max 34.0 ° 30.0 1.3 °
85 % Average g force 1.06 g0.49 g min to max 1.50 g 0.95 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -610 ft/m-2,456 ft/m min to max 278 ft/m 7 -477 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,293 ft asl1,209 ft asl min to max 1,548 ft asl 1,548 1,209 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.2 °-6.0 ° min to max -0.5 ° -1.8 -2.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,548 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 991 ft agl · 315 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 891 ft agl · 315 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 945 ft agl · 316 kt
Enroute Climb 3 56.46Enroute climb started 1 mile west of La Puente (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Climbing from 1,199 ft asl to 1,468 ft asl, an increase of 269 ft in 1 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 303 kn296 kn min to max 309 kn 308 296 kn
100 % Average bank angle 24.1 °0.9 ° min to max 37.2 ° 1.8 1.3 °
65 % Average g force 1.15 g0.80 g min to max 1.87 g 0.97 0.85 g
Info Average VSI 453 ft/m-853 ft/m min to max 1,679 ft/m -540 293 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,289 ft asl1,185 ft asl min to max 1,468 ft asl 1,199 1,468 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-2.2 ° min to max 2.7 ° -2.1 -0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Enroute Descent 2 891 ft agl · 315 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,199 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 896 ft agl · 311 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 855 ft agl · 314 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 818 ft agl · 313 kt
Enroute Level 3 79.26Enroute level cruise started overhead South San Jose Hills (Los Angeles County, California, United States) and lasted less than 1 minute. , covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,467 ft asl1,345 ft asl min to max 1,539 ft asl 1,468 1,345 ft asl
0 % Average speed 300 kn295 kn min to max 310 kn 295 310 kn
100 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.1 ° min to max 4.1 ° 1.0 4.1 °
93 % Average g force 0.97 g0.87 g min to max 1.38 g 0.87 0.97 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -1.4 °-3.9 ° min to max 1.0 ° -1.2 -3.9 °

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,467 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 972 ft agl · 307 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 1,048 ft agl · 306 kt
Enroute Climb 4 56.63Enroute climb started overhead Walnut (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Climbing from 1,320 ft asl to 2,612 ft asl, an increase of 1,292 ft in 1 minutes and covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 293 kn273 kn min to max 314 kn 311 285 kn
100 % Average bank angle 2.5 °0.1 ° min to max 14.5 ° 4.4 0.3 °
66 % Average g force 1.00 g0.42 g min to max 1.84 g 0.98 0.98 g
Info Average VSI 1,188 ft/m-1,584 ft/m min to max 5,681 ft/m -1,523 -1,291 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,902 ft asl1,239 ft asl min to max 2,721 ft asl 1,320 2,612 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.4 °-3.9 ° min to max 11.3 ° -3.9 -3.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Enroute Level 3 972 ft agl · 307 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,319 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 692 ft agl · 318 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 700 ft agl · 318 kt
Enroute Descent 3 58.80Enroute descent started 1 mile south of Pomona (Los Angeles County, California, United States). Descent from 2,588 ft asl to 1,573 ft asl, a decrease of 1,016 ft in 2 minutes and covering 7 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 304 kn286 kn min to max 316 kn 286 314 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.0 °0.0 ° min to max 19.3 ° 0.8 0.5 °
88 % Average g force 1.01 g0.54 g min to max 1.30 g 0.97 1.08 g
Info Average VSI -874 ft/m-2,739 ft/m min to max 567 ft/m -1,366 -51 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,046 ft asl1,573 ft asl min to max 2,588 ft asl 2,588 1,573 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.6 °-6.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° -3.6 -0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 2,588 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 979 ft agl · 319 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 753 ft agl · 321 kt
Enroute Level 4 65.53Enroute level cruise started 1 mile south west of KONT Ontario Intl Ontario (California, United States) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
59 % Average altitude 1,591 ft asl1,465 ft asl min to max 1,684 ft asl 1,575 1,651 ft asl
0 % Average speed 309 kn304 kn min to max 315 kn 315 305 kn
96 % Average bank angle 12.9 °0.0 ° min to max 42.2 ° 1.0 2.7 °
95 % Average g force 1.06 g0.85 g min to max 1.34 g 1.10 1.01 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.8 °-2.4 ° min to max 0.8 ° -0.6 -1.0 °

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,574 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 860 ft agl · 316 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 648 ft agl · 317 kt
Enroute Descent 4 45.84Enroute descent started overhead Jurupa Valley (Riverside County, California, United States). Descent from 1,650 ft asl to 1,236 ft asl, a decrease of 414 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 307 kn304 kn min to max 319 kn 305 319 kn
67 % Average bank angle 17.4 °0.2 ° min to max 56.4 ° 3.1 5.4 °
90 % Average g force 1.05 g0.93 g min to max 1.43 g 1.01 1.12 g
Info Average VSI -646 ft/m-3,286 ft/m min to max 132 ft/m -58 -3,264 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,603 ft asl1,236 ft asl min to max 1,660 ft asl 1,650 1,236 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.1 °-6.9 ° min to max -0.5 ° -1.0 -6.3 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,650 ft agl
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 997 ft agl · 313 kt
Enroute Climb 5 34.82Enroute climb started overhead Pedley (Riverside County, California, United States). Climbing from 1,187 ft asl to 1,998 ft asl, an increase of 811 ft in 1 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 257 kn158 kn min to max 324 kn 321 158 kn
40 % Average bank angle 22.5 °0.0 ° min to max 69.8 ° 1.4 52.4 °
27 % Average g force 1.27 g0.51 g min to max 2.53 g 1.39 1.53 g
Info Average VSI 600 ft/m-2,961 ft/m min to max 7,485 ft/m -2,961 -273 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,555 ft asl890 ft asl min to max 2,177 ft asl 1,187 1,998 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.7 °-4.8 ° min to max 16.9 ° -4.8 1.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Enroute Descent 4 997 ft agl · 313 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 1,187 ft agl
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 133 ft agl · 324 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,274 ft agl · 176 kt
Enroute Descent 5 98.40Enroute descent started overhead KRIR Flabob Riverside\/Rubidoux (California, United States). Descent from 1,988 ft asl to 1,440 ft asl, a decrease of 549 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 143 kn140 kn min to max 158 kn 158 141 kn
100 % Average bank angle 21.3 °0.4 ° min to max 39.9 ° 37.9 36.3 °
84 % Average g force 1.10 g0.84 g min to max 1.53 g 1.53 1.17 g
Info Average VSI -1,069 ft/m-1,891 ft/m min to max -395 ft/m -458 -981 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,700 ft asl1,440 ft asl min to max 1,988 ft asl 1,988 1,440 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-3.9 ° min to max 3.2 ° 3.2 -1.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 935 ft agl · 142 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 518 ft agl · 141 kt
Arrival 92.73Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started overhead KRIR Flabob Riverside\/Rubidoux (California, United States).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 136 kn134 kn min to max 138 kn 138 134 kn
82 % Average bank angle 19.5 °9.4 ° min to max 35.3 ° 35.3 14.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.08 g1.00 g min to max 1.21 g 1.14 1.05 g
Info Average VSI -1,356 ft/m-1,673 ft/m min to max -1,087 ft/m -1,087 -1,197 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,282 ft asl1,163 ft asl min to max 1,421 ft asl 1,421 1,163 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.3 °-4.2 ° min to max -2.4 ° -2.4 -2.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 484 ft agl · 139 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 362 ft agl · 136 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 445 ft agl · 138 kt
Arrival Final 2 87.13Approaching runway 16 at KRAL Riverside Muni from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 369 ft agl to 305 ft agl. A decrease of 64 ft in 4 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99.6 % Approach angle 3.3 °3.2 ° min to max 3.3 °Target 3.0 ° 3.3 3.2 °
100 % Average speed 135 kn135 kn min to max 136 kn 135 135 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.0 ° -0.1 0.0 °
36 % Average bank angle 3.5 °1.0 ° min to max 6.4 ° 6.4 1.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.93 g min to max 1.09 g 1.09 1.03 g
Info Average VSI -1,034 ft/m-1,178 ft/m min to max -943 ft/m -1,178 -943 ft/m
Info Average altitude 337 ft agl305 ft agl min to max 369 ft agl 369 305 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.8 °-2.5 ° min to max -1.5 ° -1.7 -1.5 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival 362 ft agl · 136 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 352 ft agl · 137 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 326 ft agl · 138 kt
11.251.51.752250300350400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-110-83-55-280285583110Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 1 96.81Approaching runway 16 at KRAL Riverside Muni from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 291 ft agl to 11 ft agl. A decrease of 280 ft in 21 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
86 % Approach angle 2.4 °2.1 ° min to max 3.2 °Target 3.0 ° 3.2 2.4 °
100 % Average speed 131 kn126 kn min to max 135 kn 135 126 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
98 % Average bank angle 1.1 °0.0 ° min to max 2.7 ° 0.7 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.94 g min to max 1.13 g 1.05 1.05 g
Info Average VSI -674 ft/m-951 ft/m min to max -399 ft/m -867 -399 ft/m
Info Average altitude 61 ft agl11 ft agl min to max 291 ft agl 291 11 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-2.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° -1.1 1.4 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Final 2 352 ft agl · 137 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 24 ft agl · 131 kt
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-100-75-50-250255075100Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 63.59Landing on runway 16 at KRAL Riverside Muni, runway length 2,846 ft. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was slightly below target at 126 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
96 % Threshold speed was slightly below target at 126 kn. Target 115 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.7 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.06 g 1.06 0.94 g
Info Average speed 122 kn118 kn min to max 126 kn 126 118 kn
Info Average VSI -328 ft/m-390 ft/m min to max -309 ft/m -390 -332 ft/m
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 12 ft agl 12 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 1.5 ° 1.4 -0.1 °
025050001121324353Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft0250500-30-24-18-12-60612182430Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 86.81Touchdown distance was good at 474 ft. Touchdown speed at 117 knwas fast. Touchdown rate was firm at -332 ft/m. Runway touchdown alignment was perfect. Local weather - Temperature 59 °F. Wind 1 kn at 217 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
48 % Touchdown VSI was -332 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 474 ftTarget 1,449 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 117 knTarget 99 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 1.5 ft1.2 ft right -0.8 -1.5 ft
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.2 0.2 °
97 % Average g force 1.16 g1.03 g min to max 1.31 g 1.10 1.03 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 112 kn107 kn min to max 117 kn 117 107 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-1.8 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.4 -0.4 °
Arrival Rollout 97.10Total landing distance 1,663 ft, 58 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,663 ft58 % of runway.
94 % Runway alignment max 5.1 ft0.0 ft left to 5.1 ft right -1.5 -0.2 ft
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.95 g min to max 1.06 g 1.03 1.00 g
Info Average speed 82 kn31 kn min to max 106 kn 106 31 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-1.4 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.4 -1.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.0 0.1 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 6 ft agl · 64 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 117 kt with 3.6° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

210 kt14070020°10°0°LIFTOFF3.6° off7° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 ft 26 kt -0.6° 0 s
80 kt652 ft 81 kt -1.1° 7.0 s
Liftoff1,709 ft 117 kt 3.6° 13.4 s
35 ft2,964 ft · 5.9 s after liftoff 136 kt 7.3° 19.3 s
End of Climb 310,062 ft · 847 ft 202 kt 9.9° 44.9 s

Takeoff from KSMO 21

Takeoff roll100.00
2,048ft41 %
Liftoff speed100.00
117kt
Runway alignment96.79
3.5ft R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb100.00
376fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 847 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 35 ft with 1,659 ft of runway left; then climbing at 1,620 fpm on average to 847 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 117 ktSCALE CHANGES0.9 nm past the runway
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 4,974 ft runway.

Rolled from 351 ft in, never more than 3 ft off the centreline. Airborne 41 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

1,0002,0003,0004,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 3.4 ft RROLL 351 FT INAirborne 2,060 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 2,060 ft of 4,974 ft · 41 %
Behind the start of the roll, 351 ftTakeoff roll, 1,709 ft Left ahead, 2,914 ft

The approach to KRAL 16

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 1.5 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 160 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND683370174
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 850 ft left of the centreline at 1.5 nm, then inside the band from 1.2 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR1000 ft L01000 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND853 ft L14 ft R4 ft L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on KRAL 16

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
11ft
Threshold speed95.97
125kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.0ft R

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
514ft
Centreline100.00
1.5ft R
Speed100.00
117kt
Touchdown rate47.91
-332fpm
Impact96.57
1.31G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No wind recorded: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 116 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 10 s, an average deceleration of 0.44 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

0408012060 kt · 988 ft30 kt · 1,205 fttouchdown1,253 ftkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 2,846 ft of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 11 ft, 39 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 514 ft in, 486 ft short of the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 2,846 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

11 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −332 fpm · −0.1° nose down · 118 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 11 ft, down at 514 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 210 fpm at 7 ft to 90 fpm at 6 ft, then back up to 330 fpm at touchdown. The nose went down 1.5° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−1°4°10°touchdown−332 fpm at touchdown−0.1° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 2,846 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed within 5 ft of it down the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

1,0002,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 514 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 514 ft touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 332 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 1,505 ft of 2,846 ft · 53 %
In the air over the runway, 514 ftRollout, 991 ft Left over, 1,341 ft
Rollout distance100.00
991ft51 % used
Rollout alignment93.56
5.1ft R

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