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CYKF
Breslau, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight6,456 kg
Fuel1,397 kg
Wind290° · 4 kn · 3 kn cross

Flight Score

93.84 %
KDTW
Detroit, United States
Runway 04R
Elevation636 ft asl
Weight5,900 kg
Fuel821 kg
Wind300° · 6 kn · 6 kn cross
19 Sep 2026 0:55 241 nm Learjet 35 575 kg
Departure Score
92.16 %
Enroute Score
95.93 %
Arrival Score
93.42 %

What went well

Rollout controlled — 46 % of the runway used
Rollout held the centreline — 1.33 m off at taxi speed
Rotated at 106 kt — on the 110 kt rotation target

What held you back

Departure Climb 3 — gear not retracted; Landing gear up at 0 ft agl at 0 %, climb speed 220 kt against 187 kt at 87 %, −2.35 points
Enroute Descent — 250 kt exceeded below 10,000 ft; speed limits at 39 %, −1.35 points
Firm touchdown — 323 fpm, −1.20 points across the landing and the touchdown
  • Arrival Landing · flare: the descent was not taken out−0.76
  • Arrival Touchdown · sink rate 323 fpm−0.42
  • Arrival Touchdown · 1.36 G at contact−0.02

Next time

Departure

Raise the gear lever promptly once a positive rate of climb is confirmed after liftoff.

What happened: The landing gear was never raised during the initial climb and was still down when the climb ended.

Watch for: Landing gear lever: UP promptly after confirming a positive rate of climb.

See Departure Climb 3

Arrival

Close the throttles earlier on final so you cross the threshold at 120 kt rather than carrying excess speed.

What happened: The aircraft crossed the threshold at 140 kt, 20 kt above the 120 kt target, and the nose was then only raised 0.5° in the flare, taking out little of the sink. Crossing the threshold fast like this usually carries extra energy into a flare that barely arrests the sink, and that combination usually ends in a firm touchdown.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 120 kt at the threshold.

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Make sure that you retract the landing gear once you have a positive rate of climb and there is no usable runway left to land back on.

Read more in Improve Your Take-Offs

Start to finish · 17 stages, 16 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 7 minutes and covered 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 15 kt0 kt min to max 23 kt 4 14 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 10 ktmax 14 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-0.9 ° min to max -0.3 ° -0.6 -0.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.1 0.7 °

Events

Info Engine 1 Started 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 1 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 10 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 3 ft agl · 16 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 3 ft agl · 16 kt
Departure Roll 96.00Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Region of Waterloo International Airport. Takeoff distance 883 m 42 % of runway. Rotation speed was 106 kt. Local weather - Temperature 20 °C. Wind 4 kt at 290 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 3 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 883 m42 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 106 ktTarget 110 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 3.18 m right0.00 m left to 3.18 m right -1.57 -2.17 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.95 g min to max 1.07 g 0.99 0.99 g
80 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.3 °-1.2 ° min to max 5.1 ° -0.8 4.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.5 0.2 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Region of Waterloo International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 -0.0 °
100 % Average speed 165 kt151 kt min to max 179 kt 151 179 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.2 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.10 g0.82 g min to max 1.23 g 0.98 1.20 g
Info Average VSI 767 fpm422 fpm min to max 1,188 fpm 422 1,188 fpm
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 29 ft agl 0 29 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.9 °2.9 ° min to max 8.7 ° 4.3 8.7 °
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Region of Waterloo International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -0.0 °
100 % Average speed 186 kt179 kt min to max 211 kt 179 211 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.4 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.14 g0.88 g min to max 1.20 g 1.20 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 1,737 fpm1,226 fpm min to max 2,756 fpm 1,226 2,756 fpm
Info Average altitude 76 ft agl31 ft agl min to max 339 ft agl 31 339 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.4 °8.6 ° min to max 9.9 ° 8.8 9.2 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 87 ft agl · 189 kt
Departure Climb 3 64.82Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Region of Waterloo International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
87 % Climb speed 220 kt214 kt min to max 222 ktTarget 187 kt, 33 kt fast 214 222 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.1 1.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.83 g min to max 1.13 g 1.07 1.13 g
0 % Landing gear up at 0 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -0.1 °
Info Average VSI 3,389 fpm2,892 fpm min to max 3,668 fpm 2,892 3,339 fpm
Info Average altitude 646 ft agl385 ft agl min to max 899 ft agl 385 899 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.0 °9.1 ° min to max 10.6 ° 9.7 10.5 °

Events

Fail Gear Not Retracted
Enroute Climb 99.88Enroute climb started 1 mile south west of CYKF Region of Waterloo International Airport Breslau (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,986 ft asl to 30,883 ft asl, an increase of 28,896 ft in 10 minutes and covering 57 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 268 kt223 kt min to max 300 kt 223 298 kt
100 % Average bank angle 11.5 °0.0 ° min to max 26.3 ° 2.2 0.2 °
99 % Average g force 1.02 g0.68 g min to max 1.77 g 1.21 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 2,949 fpm482 fpm min to max 5,039 fpm 3,546 482 fpm
Info Average altitude 16,603 ft asl1,986 ft asl min to max 30,883 ft asl 1,986 30,883 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 5.6 °0.5 ° min to max 11.3 ° 11.3 0.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 2,066 ft agl · 262 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 2,511 ft agl · 263 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 2,511 ft agl · 263 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 4,163 ft agl · 262 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 4,206 ft agl · 264 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 4,206 ft agl · 264 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 13,801 ft agl · 306 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 13,801 ft agl · 306 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 14,810 ft agl · 314 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Deactivated 14,810 ft agl · 314 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 16,256 ft agl · 322 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 16,256 ft agl · 322 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 19,575 ft agl · 409 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 19,575 ft agl · 409 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 3 miles south west of CNS6 Straffordville Airport Straffordville (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 10 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,047 ft of 31,100 ft asl30,949 ft asl min to max 31,167 ft asl 30,949 31,167 ft asl
100 % Average speed 299 kt299 kt min to max 299 kt 299 299 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.2 ° min to max 15.0 ° 0.2 15.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 -0.1 °
Enroute Climb 2 100.00Enroute climb started 5 miles east of Port Stanley (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 31,166 ft asl to 31,992 ft asl, an increase of 826 ft in 2 minutes and covering 11 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 298 kt291 kt min to max 299 kt 299 294 kt
100 % Average bank angle 14.7 °0.4 ° min to max 25.3 ° 18.6 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.97 g min to max 1.20 g 1.02 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 351 fpm-153 fpm min to max 1,016 fpm -91 -2 fpm
Info Average altitude 31,280 ft asl31,141 ft asl min to max 31,993 ft asl 31,166 31,992 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.6 °-0.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° -0.0 0.0 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 30,584 ft agl · 480 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 30,584 ft agl · 480 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 31,330 ft agl · 474 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 31,330 ft agl · 474 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 31,355 ft agl · 478 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 31,355 ft agl · 478 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 31,347 ft agl · 478 kt
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started 4 miles east of COS2 Iona Station (Bobier Strip) (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 8 minutes, covering 52 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,100 ft of 32,000 ft asl31,990 ft asl min to max 32,011 ft asl 31,992 31,990 ft asl
100 % Average speed 294 kt294 kt min to max 294 kt 294 294 kt
100 % Average bank angle 7.5 °0.0 ° min to max 25.3 ° 0.4 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.98 g min to max 1.11 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.0 -0.0 °

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 31,310 ft agl · 479 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 31,310 ft agl · 479 kt
Enroute Descent 75.68Enroute descent started overhead Algonac (Michigan, United States). Descent from 31,999 ft asl to 1,986 ft asl, a decrease of 30,013 ft in 18 minutes and covering 95 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
39 % Average speed 267 kt171 kt min to max 308 kt 294 171 kt
100 % Average bank angle 12.2 °0.0 ° min to max 25.6 ° 0.4 0.1 °
99.97 % Average g force 1.04 g0.68 g min to max 1.18 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -1,549 fpm-5,942 fpm min to max 59 fpm -2 2 fpm
Info Average altitude 11,690 ft asl1,985 ft asl min to max 31,999 ft asl 31,999 1,986 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.2 °-8.1 ° min to max 2.7 ° -0.0 2.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 7,897 ft agl
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 31,474 ft agl · 479 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 31,474 ft agl · 479 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 27,973 ft agl · 456 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 27,973 ft agl · 456 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 22,194 ft agl · 408 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 22,194 ft agl · 408 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 19,952 ft agl · 403 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 19,952 ft agl · 403 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 8,767 ft agl · 290 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 8,767 ft agl · 290 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 8,356 ft agl · 260 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 8,356 ft agl · 260 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 7,767 ft agl · 281 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 7,767 ft agl · 281 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 7,767 ft agl · 281 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 7,767 ft agl · 281 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,086 ft agl · 240 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,936 ft agl · 231 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 1,674 ft agl · 222 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 1,674 ft agl · 222 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,571 ft agl · 220 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 1,571 ft agl · 220 kt
Enroute Level 3 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles south east of 71MI Johnston Airport Belleville (Michigan, United States) and lasted 3 minutes, covering 7 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±599 ft of 1,990 ft asl1,979 ft asl min to max 1,994 ft asl 1,986 1,988 ft asl
100 % Average speed 164 kt135 kt min to max 172 kt 171 135 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.95 g min to max 1.04 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 2.9 °2.3 ° min to max 4.4 ° 2.7 4.4 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 1,362 ft agl · 179 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,365 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Disarmed 1,365 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 1,365 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 1,365 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 1,359 ft agl · 165 kt
Arrival Approach 92.86Final approach to runway 04R at KDTW Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. Descent from 1,352 ft agl to 62 ft agl in 104 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
50 % Sink ratefailed at one of the two gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
100 % On centrelinepassed at both gates
100 % On speedpassed at both gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 669 ft agl · 128 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,348 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 1,348 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 1,348 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Deactivated 1,348 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,044 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,044 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Disarmed 1,044 ft agl · 138 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 90 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Deactivated 90 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 90 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 90 ft agl · 143 kt
Arrival Landing 83.66Landing on runway 04R at KDTW Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, runway length 3,502 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was well above target at 140 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
80 % Threshold speed was well above target at 140 kt. Target 120 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
55 % The flare strayed well off the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 0.5° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 598 m past the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.
100 % Runway alignment max 7.18 m right4.74 m right to 7.18 m right -7.18 -6.43 m
100 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.1 ° min to max 1.9 ° 0.3 0.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.98 g min to max 1.05 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average speed 137 kt129 kt min to max 140 kt 140 129 kt
Info Average VSI -366 fpm-546 fpm min to max -278 fpm -546 -316 fpm
Info Average altitude 20 ft agl-2 ft agl min to max 47 ft agl 47 -2 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.9 °2.0 ° min to max 3.5 ° 2.0 3.2 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Approach 669 ft agl · 128 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 24 ft agl · 141 kt
07515022530037545052560067575001223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750-30-24-18-12-60612182430Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 90.57Touchdown point was 182 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 129 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was firm at -323 fpm. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 6.4 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 20 °C. Wind 6 kt at 300 °. Crosswind: 5 kt Headwind: 0 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
69 % Touchdown rate was -323 fpm.
85 % Touchdown distance was 598 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 129 ktTarget below 120 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 6.45 m right6.24 m right -6.43 -6.03 m
89 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.1 ° min to max 3.3 ° 0.8 0.1 °
94 % Average g force 1.10 g0.97 g min to max 1.36 g 0.99 1.15 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 128 kt127 kt min to max 129 kt 129 127 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °1.5 ° min to max 3.2 ° 3.2 2.0 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 1,668 m, 48 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,668 m48 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 3.31 m right2.18 m left to 3.31 m right -3.31 1.33 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.92 g min to max 1.13 g 1.13 1.01 g
Info Average speed 115 kt70 kt min to max 128 kt 128 70 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.7 °-1.2 ° min to max 4.7 ° 2.1 -1.2 °
Info Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 3.2 ° 0.4 0.2 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 23 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 24 kt12 kt min to max 62 kt 62 12 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-1.5 ° min to max -0.4 ° -1.1 -0.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.5 0.5 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 13 kt0 kt min to max 19 kt 12 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 12 ktmax 15 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-1.6 ° min to max -0.3 ° -0.8 -1.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.4 0.0 °

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl · 6 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 106 kt, 4 kt below the 110 kt target, and lifted off at 150 kt 6.2 s later, the nose coming up at 0.9° a second. Climb 3 averaged 220 kt, 33 kt over its 187 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 187240 kt16080020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFtarget 1104.8° off · 0.9°/s9° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 17 kt -0.8° 0 s
80 kt243 m 80 kt -0.9° 13.5 s
Rotate403 m · target 110 106 kt -0.5° 16.8 s
Liftoff812 m · +44 kt from rotation 150 kt 4.8° 23.0 s
35 ft1,292 m · 5.6 s after liftoff 180 kt 9.1° 28.5 s
Climb 32,189 m · 385 ft to 899 ft · target 187 220 kt avg 9.7° 37.4 s
End of Climb 33,208 m · 899 ft 222 kt 10.5° 46.8 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
883m42 %
Rotation speed100.00
106kttarget 110, 4 slow
Liftoff speed
150kt
Runway alignment100.00
3.18m R
Bounce on takeoff80.00
Yes
Climb 3 speed87.06
220kttarget 187
Rate of climb100.00
766fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 899 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 782 m of runway left; then climbing at 2,260 fpm on average to 899 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3220 kt avgtarget 187THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 106 kttarget 110Liftoff 150 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,121 m runway.

Rolled from 47 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 3 m at the widest, and lifted off 2.1 m right. Airborne 40 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS2 kn75 %widest 3.04 m RROLL 47 M INAirborne 859 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 859 m of 2,121 m · 41 %
Behind the start of the roll, 47 mTakeoff roll, 812 m Left ahead, 1,262 m

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Seven checks, two gates1,000 ft 85.716 of 7500 ft 100.007 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate1,340 fpm700 fpm
On glideslope3.2°3.0°
On centreline0.3° off0.4° off
On speed+14 kt+9.9 kt
Wings level2° bank0° bank

At the 1,000 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed.

When the approach was stable

Every check met from 3.1 to 1.1 nm, then not again: fast from 1.1 nm and right of the centreline from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KDTW 04R

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 4 nm to the threshold, never more than 160 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND1,3376843722111,000 ft gate6 of 7sink rate1,132 ft · 134 kt500 ft gate7 of 7551 ft · 130 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 5× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band from 4 nm to 0.3 nm, then 11 m right of it from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR204 m L0204 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND5 m L40 m R2 m R1 m R27 m R22 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 30 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 18 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Inside the speed band from 4 nm to 1.1 nm, then fast to the threshold (up to +20 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

120140160180 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 120+17 kt+4 kt+16 kt+20 kt+20 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KDTW 04R

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
47ft
Threshold speed80.00
140kttarget 120, 20 fast
Centreline offset100.00
7.18m R

Touchdown

Past threshold84.65
598m
Centreline100.00
6.45m R
Speed100.00
128kttarget 119, 9 fast
Touchdown rate68.55
-323fpm
Impact93.71
1.36G
BouncesOk
None
The flare54.64

The flare strayed well off the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 0.5° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 598 m past the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.

The crosswind

5 kt across from the left, which takes about 2° of crab to hold the centreline at 129 kt. Touched down with the nose 3° into wind, wings level.

Wind 300° at 6 kt · 0 kt head · 5 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 131 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 33 s, an average deceleration of 0.16 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

0408012060 kt · 1,157 m30 kt · 1,322 mtouchdown1,375 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,745 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 47 ft, close to the 50 ft target; began the flare at 22 ft. Touched down 598 m in, 293 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,745 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

47 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare 22 ft · −321 fpm · 3° · 139 ktdescent slowed at 18 ft · −238 fpm · 2.9°−323 fpm · 3.2° nose up · 129 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 47 ft, down at 598 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink stayed between 240 fpm and 320 fpm from the flare to the runway. The pitch barely changed.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−323 fpm at touchdown3.2° at touchdown, +0.2° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,745 m of the 3,502 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 6 m right of the centreline, and steered back to 1.8 m left by the end of the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 5 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 598 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 598 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The 323 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 1,623 m of 3,502 m · 46 %
In the air over the runway, 598 mRollout, 1,026 m Left over, 1,879 m
Rollout distance100.00
1,026m46 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
3.31m R

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The Learjet 35 taxied from the parking area to runway 26 at CYKF for 7 minutes, covering approximately 2 nm before lining up for departure.

During the departure roll on runway 26, the aircraft accelerated over 883 m, representing 42 % of the runway length, and lifted off at 150 kt. Ambient conditions were 20 °C with a wind of 4 kt from 290°, including a 3 kt cross-wind component and a 3 kt head-wind component.

The initial climb commenced about 1 nm south-west of CYKF, climbing from 1,986 ft asl to 30,883 ft asl - a gain of 28,896 ft - in 10 minutes while traversing 57 nm.

A brief level cruise began roughly 3 nm south-west of CNS6 Straffordville Airport and lasted 2 minutes, during which the aircraft covered 10 nm.

A second climb segment started 5 nm east of Port Stanley, raising altitude from 31,166 ft asl to 31,992 ft asl, an increase of 826 ft achieved in 2 minutes over a distance of 11 nm.

The subsequent cruise phase originated about 4 nm east of COS2 Iona Station (Bobier Strip) and continued for 8 minutes, during which 52 nm were flown.

Descent began overhead Algonac, Michigan, with the jet descending from 31,999 ft asl to 1,986 ft asl - a loss of 30,013 ft - in 18 minutes while covering 95 nm.

Following the descent, a short level cruise was flown 2 nm south-east of 71MI Johnston Airport, lasting 3 minutes and adding 7 nm to the flight path.

On final approach to runway 04R at KDTW, the aircraft descended from 1,352 ft agl to 62 ft agl in 104 seconds and met the stabilisation gate criteria.

Landing on runway 04R, which is 3,502 m long, occurred with a threshold speed of 140 kt. Touchdown was recorded 185 m beyond the touchdown zone at 129 kt, with a firm vertical speed of minus 316 fpm and a lateral deviation of 6.4 m from the centreline. Local weather at the time was 20 °C with a wind of 6 kt from 300°, a 5 kt cross-wind component and no head-wind. The total landing roll measured 1,668 m, equivalent to 48 % of the runway length, and rollout alignment was reported as very good.

The aircraft taxied from the runway to the parking area in 4 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

In summary, the flight covered 241 nm, required 55 minutes of elapsed time, and consumed 575 kg of fuel.

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