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KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 23
Elevation679 ft asl
Weight158,461 lbs
Fuel20,878 lbs
Wind119° · 2 kn · 2 kn cross

Flight Score

98.93 %
KTPA
Tampa, United States
Runway 01L
Elevation10 ft asl
Weight143,283 lbs
Fuel5,304 lbs
Wind155° · 3 kn · 1 kn cross
12 Sep 2026 2:43 995 nm Boeing 737-800 15,574 lbs
Departure Score
100.00 %
Enroute Score
99.88 %
Arrival Score
96.92 %

What went well

Touchdown 716 ft in — inside the full-score zone
Threshold crossed at 24 ft and 144 kt — both inside band
Rollout controlled — 37 % of the runway used

What held you back

Firm touchdown — 384 fpm, −0.91 points across the landing and the touchdown
  • Arrival Touchdown · sink rate 384 fpm−0.40
  • Arrival Landing · flare: the descent was not taken out−0.38
  • Arrival Touchdown · 1.98 G at contact−0.13
Arrival Landing — scored 92.57 %, −0.11 points

Next time

Arrival

Begin raising the nose earlier, as soon as you reach 11 ft, rather than waiting until closer to the runway.

What happened: The flare began at 4.4 ft, 6.9 ft later than the normal band, leaving little time to arrest the sink. A late flare like this usually carries through to a firmer-than-normal touchdown.

Watch for: Radio altimeter against the normal flare band, calling the flare at 11 ft.

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

There are several things that can go wrong during the flare, carrying too much speed over the threshold, starting the flare at the wrong height and inconsistent flight control inputs, all contribute to a poor flare resulting in a hard touchdown or a float down the runway.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 15 stages, 14 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 15 minutes and covered 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 6 kt0 kt min to max 10 kt 0 4 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 4 ktmax 4 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-0.4 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.5 -0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.1 0.1 °

Events

Info Taxi Lights Off
Info Navigation Lights On
Info Beacon Lights On
Info Strobe Lights Off
Info Landing Lights Off
Info Landing Gear Down
Info Flaps Fully Retracted
Info Parking Brake Off
Info Parking Brake On
Info Parking Brake Off
Info Taxi Lights On  · 1 kt
Info Landing Lights On  · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On  · 6 kt
Info Flaps Position 3  · 6 kt
Info Parking Brake Off  · 6 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 9 kt
Info Landing Lights On  · 19 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 19 kt
Info Landing Lights On  · 9 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 8 kt
Info Landing Lights On  · 5 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 5 kt
Info Landing Lights On  · 5 kt
Info Strobe Lights On
Info Landing Lights Off
Info Landing Lights On
Departure Roll 100.00Departure roll runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Takeoff distance 4,372 ft 54 % of runway. Rotation speed was 146 kt. Local weather - Temperature 72 °F. Wind 2 kt at 118 °. Crosswind: 2 kt Tailwind: 1 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 4,372 ft54 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 146 ktTarget 148 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 16.8 ft left16.8 ft left to 0.0 ft left 7.6 16.8 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.93 g min to max 1.12 g 1.00 1.12 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.5 °-0.4 ° min to max 10.5 ° -0.2 10.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.1 1.0 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 23 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.2 °-0.2 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.2 -0.2 °
100 % Average speed 159 kt154 kt min to max 163 kt 154 163 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 3.9 °0.7 ° min to max 3.9 ° 1.0 3.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.10 g1.03 g min to max 1.16 g 1.12 1.12 g
Info Average VSI 585 fpm338 fpm min to max 853 fpm 338 853 fpm
Info Average altitude 8 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 23 ft agl 0 23 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 11.4 °10.4 ° min to max 13.4 ° 10.6 13.4 °
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 23 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.2 ° min to max 0.1 ° -0.2 0.1 °
100 % Average speed 166 kt163 kt min to max 174 kt 163 174 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 4.4 °0.0 ° min to max 4.4 ° 4.0 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.13 g1.04 g min to max 1.17 g 1.13 1.04 g
Info Average VSI 1,386 fpm874 fpm min to max 3,085 fpm 874 3,085 fpm
Info Average altitude 60 ft agl24 ft agl min to max 274 ft agl 24 274 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 14.4 °13.4 ° min to max 16.8 ° 13.4 16.8 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 216 ft agl · 174 kt
Departure Climb 3 100.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 23 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Climb speed 175 kt174 kt min to max 176 ktTarget 179 kt, 4 kt slow 175 174 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 1.7 °0.1 ° min to max 1.7 ° 0.1 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g1.02 g min to max 1.13 g 1.08 1.02 g
100 % Landing gear up at 133 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.3 °
Info Average VSI 4,019 fpm3,262 fpm min to max 4,662 fpm 3,262 4,662 fpm
Info Average altitude 558 ft agl325 ft agl min to max 812 ft agl 325 812 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 19.6 °17.5 ° min to max 21.4 ° 17.5 21.4 °
Enroute Climb 99.68Enroute climb started 1 mile north of Cheektowaga (New York, United States). Climbing from 1,652 ft asl to 35,999 ft asl, an increase of 34,348 ft in 19 minutes and covering 115 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 274 kt155 kt min to max 306 kt 174 260 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 27.9 °0.0 ° min to max 27.9 ° 0.3 25.6 °
97 % Average g force 1.00 g0.11 g min to max 1.63 g 0.97 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1,753 fpm-211 fpm min to max 4,892 fpm 4,781 194 fpm
Info Average altitude 24,451 ft asl1,652 ft asl min to max 35,999 ft asl 1,652 35,999 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 5.2 °1.6 ° min to max 21.6 ° 21.1 3.3 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3,109 ft agl · 209 kt
Info Taxi Lights Off 9,742 ft agl · 294 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 9,742 ft agl · 294 kt
Enroute Level 99.91Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north of Linesville (Pennsylvania, United States) and lasted 104 minutes, covering 748 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,300 ft of 35,999 ft asl35,683 ft asl min to max 36,246 ft asl 36,003 35,683 ft asl
100 % Average speed 259 kt251 kt min to max 265 kt 260 255 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 24.0 °0.0 ° min to max 24.0 ° 24.0 0.0 °
99 % Average g force 1.00 g0.29 g min to max 1.59 g 1.20 1.01 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 2.5 °0.0 ° min to max 5.8 ° 3.2 0.8 °
Enroute Descent 99.93Enroute descent started 3 miles west of Micanopy (Florida, United States). Descent from 35,391 ft asl to 1,992 ft asl, a decrease of 33,399 ft in 20 minutes and covering 110 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 255 kt175 kt min to max 297 kt 254 179 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 26.8 °0.0 ° min to max 26.8 ° 0.1 0.6 °
99 % Average g force 1.02 g0.46 g min to max 1.46 g 0.96 0.94 g
Info Average VSI -1,769 fpm-4,200 fpm min to max 485 fpm -1,787 485 fpm
Info Average altitude 13,291 ft asl1,992 ft asl min to max 35,391 ft asl 35,391 1,992 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-3.6 ° min to max 6.6 ° 0.0 4.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Landing Lights OFF should be ON 2,478 ft agl
Info Landing Lights On 10,024 ft agl · 285 kt
Info Taxi Lights On 9,896 ft agl · 286 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 9,593 ft agl · 281 kt
Info Landing Lights On 9,171 ft agl · 269 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 8,349 ft agl · 277 kt
Info Landing Lights On 7,717 ft agl · 276 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 5,441 ft agl · 254 kt
Info Landing Lights On 5,182 ft agl · 229 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 5,188 ft agl · 228 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 4,072 ft agl · 195 kt
Info Landing Lights On 3,796 ft agl · 193 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 3,601 ft agl · 192 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 3,575 ft agl · 193 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 2,481 ft agl · 188 kt
Info Landing Lights On 2,049 ft agl · 192 kt
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles west of Ruskin (Florida, United States) and lasted 5 minutes, covering 13 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±600 ft of 1,709 ft asl1,245 ft asl min to max 2,000 ft asl 1,994 1,245 ft asl
100 % Average speed 151 kt144 kt min to max 181 kt 181 144 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 29.4 °0.0 ° min to max 29.4 ° 0.7 3.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.88 g min to max 1.22 g 1.00 1.04 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 3.3 °-3.3 ° min to max 5.9 ° 5.1 2.0 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 4 1,925 ft agl · 178 kt
Info Flaps Position 5 1,909 ft agl · 177 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,865 ft agl · 174 kt
Info Flaps Position 6 1,754 ft agl · 172 kt
Info Flaps Position 8 1,743 ft agl · 161 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 1,746 ft agl · 151 kt
Info Landing Lights On 1,744 ft agl · 151 kt
Info Landing Lights Off 1,747 ft agl · 152 kt
Info Landing Lights On 1,766 ft agl · 151 kt
Arrival Approach 100.00Final approach to runway 01L at KTPA Tampa International Airport. Descent from 1,281 ft agl to 72 ft agl in 91 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
100 % Sink ratepassed at both gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
100 % On centrelinepassed at both gates
100 % On speedpassed at both gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates
Arrival Landing 92.57Landing on runway 01L at KTPA Tampa International Airport, runway length 11,014 ft. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was slightly above target at 145 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was slightly above target at 145 kt. Target 136 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
70 % The flare wandered off the target profile. The flare began at 4 ft agl above the runway, lower than this aircraft wants. Touchdown was 716 ft past the threshold. Begin raising the nose earlier - a late flare leaves no time to arrest the sink.
100 % Runway alignment max 22.1 ft left22.1 ft left to 18.9 ft left 20.1 21.5 ft
100 % Steepest bank angle 0.5 °0.2 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.4 0.2 °
100 % Peak g force 1.09 g1.00 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.09 g
Info Average speed 144 kt144 kt min to max 145 kt 145 144 kt
Info Average VSI -626 fpm-668 fpm min to max -522 fpm -664 -522 fpm
Info Average altitude 10 ft agl-3 ft agl min to max 24 ft agl 24 -3 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °1.0 ° min to max 3.3 ° 1.0 3.3 °
025050075001123344657Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft0250500750-90-72-54-36-1801836547290Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 92.06Touchdown distance was good at 716 ft. Touchdown speed at 144 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was firm at -384 fpm. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 22 ft from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 81 °F. Wind 3 kt at 152 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Tailwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
70 % Touchdown rate was -384 fpm.
100 % Touchdown distance was 716 ftTarget 1,500 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 144 ktTarget below 136 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 22.4 ft left21.2 ft left 21.5 21.3 ft
100 % Steepest bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.1 °
61 % Peak g force 1.98 g0.99 g min to max 1.98 g 1.09 0.99 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 144 kt144 kt min to max 144 kt 144 144 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.2 °3.0 ° min to max 3.4 ° 3.3 3.0 °
Arrival Rollout 99.99Total landing distance 4,285 ft, 39 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 4,285 ft39 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 18.2 ft left18.2 ft left to 0.0 ft left 17.3 2.7 ft
99.9 % Average g force 1.00 g0.90 g min to max 1.26 g 0.99 1.02 g
Info Average speed 61 kt39 kt min to max 77 kt 77 39 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-0.7 ° min to max 3.1 ° 3.0 -0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.1 0.1 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 34 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 18 kt4 kt min to max 39 kt 39 4 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.5 -0.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.95 g min to max 1.06 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 6  · 12 kt
Info Flaps Position 1  · 12 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted  · 11 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 4 kt
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 2 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 3 kt0 kt min to max 4 kt 4 1 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 ktmax 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-0.3 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.3 -0.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Info Landing Lights On  · 3 kt
Info Landing Lights Off  · 2 kt

Takeoff from KBUF 23

Taxi out

LightsOk
All on
Taxi speed100.00
10kt peak4 kt in turns

The roll

Takeoff roll100.00
4,372ft54 %
Runway alignment100.00
16.8ft L
Rotation speed100.00
146kttarget 148, 2 early

Liftoff pitch close to a tail strike

The wheels left at 10.6°, 0.4° short of this aircraft's 11° tail strike.

The tail can only touch while the main wheels are still on the runway, so the margin that matters is the one at liftoff. Rotate at the rotate speed, at the normal rate, and let the aircraft fly itself off at its own attitude: keep the pull going towards the climb attitude only once the wheels have left. Rotating early, or pulling faster than the aircraft can lift off, is what eats the margin.

Liftoff and climb

Liftoff
154ktat 10.6°
Rotation
2.6°/sover 4.0 s, gaining 8 kt
35 ft
164ktat 13.9°, 4.0 s after liftoff
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Bank after liftoff100.00
3.9°steepest
Gear up100.00
133ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed100.00
175kttarget 179

Plan view the roll down the 8,103 ft runway.

Rolled from the start of the runway, drifted left of the centreline, 17 ft at the widest, and lifted off 16 ft left. Airborne 54 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

2,0004,0006,0008,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS2 kn75 %widest 17.3 ft LAirborne 4,389 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 4,389 ft of 8,103 ft · 54 %
Takeoff roll, 4,389 ft Left ahead, 3,714 ft

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 813 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 2,592 ft of runway left; gear up at 133 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 2,530 fpm on average to 813 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The dark stretch of the roll is the run with the nose up and the wheels still on, with its length and time under the runway. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3175 kt avgtarget 179THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100120KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLnose up on the runway · 780 ft · 4.0 sRotate 146 kttarget 148Liftoff 154 ktGear up 133 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayNose up, wheels on the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Speed and pitch from brake release to the end of the climb, against time.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The grey band is the run between the nose coming up and the wheels leaving the runway. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The rotation detail below draws the rotation against the rates for this aircraft and its tail-strike pitch, where the slope reads properly. The grey dashed line across the pitch is the attitude held from 35 ft to the end: a nose held steady is a climb speed that holds, and the airspeed trace sits directly above it to compare. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 179180 kt12060025°13°0°nose up on the runway · 780 ft · 4.0 sROTATELIFTOFFGEAR UPtarget 148held 15.8°10.6° off · 2.6°/s14° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganNose up, wheels on the runwayClimb attitude heldClimb 3

Rotation detail the pitch over the seconds from rotation to 35 ft, where the slope reads properly.

How to read this

The pitch over the seconds from the nose starting to come up to 35 ft, stretched so the slope reads properly. The green dot is where the nose started up, the grey band runs to the wheels leaving, and the figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up. The two dashed green lines rising from the rotation point are 2.1 to 4.2° a second, the middle half of rotation rates flown by other Boeing 737-800 pilots over the last 180 days (157 takeoffs); the grey pair are 2 to 3° a second, the rates airliners are rotated at. A trace steeper than both green lines is a faster rotation than most, one shallower than both a slower one. The red dashed line is 11°, the pitch at which this aircraft's tail touches the runway with the wheels still on it, drawn from rotation to liftoff only: once the wheels leave, every foot climbed adds tail clearance.

20°10°0°2.1°/s2°/s4.2°/s3°/sTAIL STRIKE 11°ROTATELIFTOFF35 FT10.6° off · 2.6°/s14° at 35 ftROTATION DETAIL-2-10+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9 sseconds from rotation
PitchRotation began2.1 to 4.2°/s, other Boeing 737-800 pilots2 to 3°/s from rotation, airlinersTail strikeNose up, wheels on the runway

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Seven checks, two gates1,000 ft 100.007 of 7500 ft 100.007 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate780 fpm620 fpm
On glideslope2.9°2.8°
On centreline0.0° off0.0° off
On speed+10 kt+11 kt
Wings level1° bank1° bank

When the approach was stable

Every check met from 1.1 to 0.3 nm, then not again: low from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KTPA 01L

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

On the glideslope from 4 nm to 0.3 nm, then low to the threshold (up to 50 ft under).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND1,2356663231491,000 ft gate7 of 71,031 ft · 146 kt500 ft gate7 of 7516 ft · 147 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 22× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band all the way from 4 nm, never more than 60 ft off the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR140 ft L0140 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND5 ft L6 ft L27 ft R3 ft L7 ft R4 ft L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 34 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 20 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Inside the speed band all the way, between +8 kt and +13 kt on the approach speed of 136 kt.

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

140160180200 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 136+8 kt+10 kt+11 kt+10 kt+9 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KTPA 01L

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
24ft
Threshold speed100.00
144kttarget 136, 8 fast
Centreline offset100.00
22.1ft L
Bank100.00
0.5°steepest
Flare70.29

The flare wandered off the target profile

The flare began at 4 ft agl above the runway, lower than this aircraft wants. Touchdown was 716 ft past the threshold. Begin raising the nose earlier - a late flare leaves no time to arrest the sink.

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
716ft
Centreline100.00
22.4ft L
Speed100.00
144kttarget 136, 8 fast
Touchdown rate70.11
-384fpm
Impact60.71
1.98G
BouncesOk
None
Bank100.00
0.2°as the wheels touched

Rollout

Rollout distance100.00
3,419ft37 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
18.2ft L

Taxi in

LightsOk
All set
Taxi speed100.00
4kt peak

Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 24 ft, 26 ft below the 50 ft target; began the flare late, at 4 ft. Touched down 716 ft in, 284 ft short of the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

24 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare 4 ft · −435 fpm · 2.4° · 144 ktdescent slowed at 0 ft · −380 fpm · 3.3°−384 fpm · 3.3° nose up · 144 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 24 ft, down at 716 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink stayed between 380 fpm and 440 fpm from the flare to the runway. The nose came up 1.0° on the way down. Into the flare at 144 kt, 8 kt over the 136 kt approach speed, and 144 kt at touchdown.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−384 fpm at touchdown3.3° at touchdown, +1° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 11,014 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 21 ft left of the centreline, and steered back to 1 ft left by the end of the rollout. Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 155° at 3 kt · 3 kt tail · 1 kt across

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way. The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. The sentence gives the nose against the direction you were actually moving as the wheels touched, and the steepest bank as they touched, the figure the touchdown's Bank tile marks. The rest of it is shown for reading, not marked.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 1 kn FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 716 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 716 ft touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.98 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 4,135 ft of 11,014 ft · 38 %
In the air over the runway, 716 ftRollout, 3,419 ft Left over, 6,879 ft

The rest of the report

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Flight narrative

The aircraft taxied from the parking area to runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport, a movement that lasted 15 minutes and covered 1 nm.

During the departure roll on runway 23, the Boeing 737-800 accelerated through a takeoff distance of 4,372 ft, representing 54 % of the runway, and lifted off at 154 kt; local conditions were 72 °F with a wind of 2 kt from 118°, a 2 kt crosswind and a 1 kt tailwind.

Climb commenced 1 mile north of Cheektowaga, New York, where the aircraft rose from 1,652 ft asl to 35,999 ft asl, an altitude gain of 34,348 ft achieved in 19 minutes while covering 115 nm.

The first cruise segment began 1 mile north of Linesville, Pennsylvania, and persisted for 104 minutes, during which the flight covered 748 nm at level altitude.

Descent started 3 miles west of Micanopy, Florida, with the airplane descending from 35,391 ft asl to 1,992 ft asl, a loss of 33,399 ft over 20 minutes and a distance of 110 nm.

A brief second cruise was initiated 2 miles west of Ruskin, Florida, lasting 5 minutes and spanning 13 nm before the final approach began.

The final approach to runway 01L at KTPA Tampa International Airport was executed from the south on a heading of 3.0°, beginning 4 nm out at 1,222 ft agl; the aircraft then descended from 1,281 ft agl to 72 ft agl in 91 seconds and was recorded as having met the stabilization gates.

Landing on runway 01L was accomplished with a threshold speed of 145 kt; touchdown occurred at 762 ft down the runway at 144 kt, with a hard touchdown rate of minus 485 fpm and a lateral deviation of 22 ft from the centreline; the total landing distance was 4,275 ft, or 39 % of the runway, under weather of 81 °F, wind 3 kt from 152°, 1 kt crosswind and 2 kt tailwind.

Runway rollout alignment was reported as very good, confirming the aircraft remained on the centreline throughout the deceleration phase.

The aircraft taxied from the runway to the parking area in 2 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

In total, the flight covered 998 nm, required 163 minutes of airborne time, and consumed 15,574 lb of fuel.

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