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MPTO
Tocumen, Panama
Runway 21L
Elevation33 ft asl
Weight332,331 kg
Fuel141,955 kg
Wind251° · 2 kn · 2 kn cross

Flight Score

88.37 %
KSFO
San Francisco, United States
Runway 28L
Elevation10 ft asl
Weight274,024 kg
Fuel83,207 kg
Wind250° · 4 kn · 3 kn cross
25 Oct 2026 6:36 2948 nm Boeing 777-300ER 58,748 kg
Departure Score
99.83 %
Enroute Score
94.12 %
Arrival Score
71.17 %

What went well

Rotated at 174 kt — on the 178 kt rotation target
Airborne in 2,137 m — 70 % of the runway
Held the centreline on the roll — 0.87 m off at liftoff

What held you back

Arrival Landing — GPWS warning; Threshold height at 155 ft agl was excessively over target at 0 %, Threshold speed was too high at 192 kt at 49 %, −3.47 points
Arrival Approach — GPWS warning; 1,000 ft gate 71 %, 500 ft gate 57 %, −2.38 points
Enroute Climb — 250 kt exceeded below 10,000 ft; speed limits at 56 %, −1.96 points

Next time

Arrival

Be established on the glideslope by the gate, and take the power back earlier on final so the height and the speed come back together. Do not push down for the height: that only adds speed.

What happened: The approach was off the glideslope at the gate, and the aircraft then crossed the threshold at 155 ft agl, 105 ft agl above the 50 ft agl target, and at 192 kt, 43 kt over the 149 kt threshold speed. High and fast together is energy the runway has to absorb, and this touchdown came 575 m beyond the aim point.

Watch for: Glideslope indication at the gate, then airspeed: 149 kt on short final

See Arrival ApproachArrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 11 minutes and covered 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 11 kt0 kt min to max 19 kt 4 7 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 13 ktmax 13 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.6 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Info Pitot Heat Switched On 13 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Parking Brake On 13 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Engine 2 Started 13 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 13 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 13 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 13 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Parking Brake On 13 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 13 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 13 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 13 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 21L at MPTO Tocumen International Airport, Average speed was 13 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 12 kt7 kt min to max 20 kt 7 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-0.7 ° min to max -0.6 ° -0.6 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 100.00Departure roll runway 21L at MPTO Tocumen International Airport. Takeoff distance 2,137 m 70 % of runway. Rotation speed was 174 kt. Local weather - Temperature 31 °C. Wind 2 kt at 251 °. Crosswind: 2 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 2,137 m70 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 174 ktTarget 178 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 6.68 m left6.68 m left to 0.87 m right -0.43 -0.87 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.95 g min to max 1.04 g 1.00 1.00 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °-0.7 ° min to max 7.0 ° -0.5 7.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.1 1.6 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 21L MPTO Tocumen International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.4 °
100 % Average speed 197 kt190 kt min to max 201 kt 190 201 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.3 ° min to max 2.0 ° 1.6 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.11 g1.00 g min to max 1.25 g 1.00 1.25 g
Info Average VSI 359 fpm-17 fpm min to max 1,023 fpm -17 1,023 fpm
Info Average altitude 13 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 46 ft agl 0 46 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.8 °6.5 ° min to max 13.5 ° 7.0 13.5 °
Departure Climb 2 99.17Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 21L MPTO Tocumen International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.5 °0.4 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.4 0.9 °
100 % Average speed 203 kt201 kt min to max 211 kt 201 211 kt
97 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 6.0 ° 0.3 0.3 °
99 % Average g force 1.20 g0.88 g min to max 1.33 g 1.27 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1,555 fpm1,074 fpm min to max 2,002 fpm 1,074 1,948 fpm
Info Average altitude 112 ft agl48 ft agl min to max 361 ft agl 48 361 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 13.0 °10.3 ° min to max 14.6 ° 13.9 10.8 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 384 ft agl · 217 kt
Departure Climb 3 100.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 21L MPTO Tocumen International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Climb speed 216 kt212 kt min to max 218 ktTarget 204 kt, 12 kt fast 212 218 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.1 °0.2 ° min to max 2.7 ° 0.4 1.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.90 g min to max 1.11 g 0.99 1.10 g
100 % Landing gear up at 328 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation 1.4 °1.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.0 1.7 °
Info Average VSI 2,428 fpm1,858 fpm min to max 3,403 fpm 1,983 3,403 fpm
Info Average altitude 633 ft agl394 ft agl min to max 938 ft agl 394 938 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 11.8 °9.4 ° min to max 14.6 ° 10.4 14.6 °
Enroute Climb 82.37Enroute climb started 2 miles south east of Pedregal (Provincia de Panama, Panama). Climbing from 1,047 ft asl to 32,865 ft asl, an increase of 31,818 ft in 22 minutes and covering 150 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
56 % Average speed 286 kt213 kt min to max 322 kt 218 295 kt
100 % Average bank angle 8.1 °0.0 ° min to max 26.7 ° 3.0 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.73 g min to max 1.20 g 1.08 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1,568 fpm-17 fpm min to max 4,250 fpm 3,622 -17 fpm
Info Average altitude 15,179 ft asl1,047 ft asl min to max 32,865 ft asl 1,047 32,865 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 6.9 °3.2 ° min to max 15.8 ° 15.1 3.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 3,573 ft agl
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 5,349 ft agl
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 6,323 ft agl
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 7,538 ft agl
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 7,620 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 2 2,333 ft agl · 233 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,505 ft agl · 238 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,698 ft agl · 248 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 10,277 ft agl · 323 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 10,346 ft agl · 325 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 57 miles north east of Bocas del Toro (Provincia de Bocas del Toro, Panama) and lasted 336 minutes, covering 2,669 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,144 ft of 33,098 ft asl32,870 ft asl min to max 33,346 ft asl 32,880 33,158 ft asl
100 % Average speed 295 kt292 kt min to max 298 kt 296 298 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.0 ° min to max 21.3 ° 0.0 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.96 g min to max 1.07 g 0.99 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 3.4 °2.6 ° min to max 4.2 ° 3.9 2.9 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 3 miles north west of Lockwood (California, United States). Descent from 33,071 ft asl to 1,802 ft asl, a decrease of 31,268 ft in 21 minutes and covering 118 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 257 kt171 kt min to max 310 kt 300 171 kt
100 % Average bank angle 8.2 °0.0 ° min to max 32.0 ° 0.0 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.68 g min to max 1.19 g 0.68 0.97 g
Info Average VSI -1,560 fpm-3,792 fpm min to max 294 fpm -1,807 -66 fpm
Info Average altitude 14,646 ft asl1,802 ft asl min to max 33,071 ft asl 33,071 1,802 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 2.3 °-1.3 ° min to max 8.3 ° -1.3 7.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched On 8,235 ft agl · 279 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3,153 ft agl · 229 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 2,945 ft agl · 225 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 2,013 ft agl · 197 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,848 ft agl · 183 kt
Arrival Approach 64.29Final approach to runway 28L at KSFO San Francisco International Airport. Descent from 1,987 ft agl to 198 ft agl in 73 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
50 % Gear downfailed at one of the two gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
50 % Sink ratefailed at one of the two gates
0 % On glideslopefailed at both gates
100 % On centrelinepassed at both gates
50 % On speedfailed at one of the two gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 945 ft agl · 190 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,848 ft agl · 183 kt
Info Flaps Position 4 1,599 ft agl · 187 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 1,556 ft agl · 189 kt
Info Flaps Position 4 1,405 ft agl · 191 kt
Info Flaps Position 5 303 ft agl · 197 kt
Arrival Landing 47.88Landing on runway 28L at KSFO San Francisco International Airport, runway length 3,371 m. Threshold height at 155 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was too high at 192 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
49 % Threshold speed was too high at 192 kt. Target 149 kt
0 % Threshold height at 155 ft agl was excessively over target.Target 50 ft agl
58 % The flare strayed well off the target profile. Crossing the threshold 43 kt above target, the flare took all the sink out 46 ft agl above the runway and the aircraft then dropped the rest of the way, 411 fpm of sink coming back. Touchdown was 1,032 m past the threshold. Hold the attitude and let it settle rather than pushing - that excess speed is what turns a normal flare into a balloon, so the fix is on the approach, not in the flare.
72 % Runway alignment max 29.05 m left29.05 m left to 17.51 m right 29.05 -17.51 m
92 % Average bank angle 3.0 °0.6 ° min to max 5.4 ° 5.4 4.4 °
96 % Average g force 1.02 g0.90 g min to max 1.32 g 1.09 0.93 g
Info Average speed 179 kt172 kt min to max 192 kt 192 172 kt
Info Average VSI -623 fpm-1,933 fpm min to max -395 fpm -1,933 -734 fpm
Info Average altitude 43 ft agl7 ft agl min to max 155 ft agl 155 7 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.3 °-0.7 ° min to max 4.9 ° -0.7 3.2 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Approach 945 ft agl · 190 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 122 ft agl · 192 kt
Info Flaps Position 6 28 ft agl · 175 kt
0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,2000316192122153Runway Distance mLanding Height ft0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,200-30-24-18-12-60612182430Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 52.30Touchdown point was 637 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 172 kt was fast. Touchdown rate was heavy at -626 fpm. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 20.2 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 17 °C. Wind 4 kt at 250 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 3 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
14 % Touchdown rate was -626 fpm.
0 % Touchdown distance was 1,032 mTarget 457 m
76 % Speed at touchdown 172 ktTarget below 147 kt
48 % Runway alignment max 20.20 m right19.16 m right -17.51 -20.20 m
73 % Average bank angle 3.1 °2.2 ° min to max 4.4 ° 4.4 2.2 °
71 % Average g force 1.21 g0.90 g min to max 1.76 g 0.93 1.18 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 172 kt172 kt min to max 172 kt 172 172 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °0.7 ° min to max 3.2 ° 3.2 0.7 °
Arrival Rollout 91.38Total landing distance 2,265 m, 67 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 13.8 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 2,265 m67 % of runway.
81 % Runway alignment max 13.80 m left13.80 m left to 0.00 m left 9.50 7.08 m
99.97 % Average g force 0.99 g0.88 g min to max 1.17 g 1.09 0.99 g
Info Average speed 157 kt92 kt min to max 169 kt 169 92 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-1.3 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.4 -1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 2.1 °0.0 ° min to max 4.6 ° 2.2 0.7 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 22 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 19 kt0 kt min to max 80 kt 80 9 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.4 ° -1.0 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.8 0.4 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.00 g 0.99 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 5 13 ft agl · 22 kt
Info Flaps Position 4 13 ft agl · 11 kt
Info Parking Brake On 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched Off 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 13 ft agl · 4 kt
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 10 minutes and covered 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 15 kt0 kt min to max 24 kt 10 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 12 ktmax 12 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-1.1 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.6 -0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.4 0.0 °

Events

Info Parking Brake On 13 ft agl

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 174 kt, 4 kt below the 178 kt target, and lifted off at 189 kt 4.1 s later, the nose coming up at 1.7° a second. Climb 3 averaged 216 kt, 12 kt over its 204 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 204240 kt16080020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFGEAR UPtarget 1787.0° off · 1.7°/s11° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0204060 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 24 kt -0.5° 0 s
80 kt293 m 80 kt -0.7° 10.4 s
Rotate1,615 m · target 178 174 kt -0.1° 30.0 s
Liftoff2,004 m · +15 kt from rotation 189 kt 7.0° 34.1 s
35 ft2,441 m · 4.2 s after liftoff 201 kt 11.5° 38.3 s
Gear up3,409 m · 328 ft · full marks to 400 ft 210 kt 11.0° 47.3 s
Climb 33,632 m · 394 ft to 938 ft · target 204 216 kt avg 10.4° 49.2 s
End of Climb 35,101 m · 938 ft 218 kt 14.6° 63 s

Takeoff from MPTO 21L

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
2,137m70 %
Rotation speed100.00
174kttarget 178, 4 slow
Liftoff speed
189kt
Runway alignment100.00
6.68m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Gear up100.00
328ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed100.00
216kttarget 204
Rate of climb100.00
358fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 938 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 474 m of runway left; gear up at 328 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 1,950 fpm on average to 938 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3216 kt avgtarget 204THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100120140160KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 174 kttarget 178Liftoff 189 ktGear up 328 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 3,053 m runway.

Rolled from 138 m in, drifted 6.7 m left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 70 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,0003,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS1 kn75 %widest 6.71 m LROLL 138 M INAirborne 2,142 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 2,142 m of 3,053 m · 70 %
Behind the start of the roll, 138 mTakeoff roll, 2,004 m Left ahead, 910 m

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Seven checks, two gates1,000 ft 71.435 of 7500 ft 57.144 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate380 fpm2,040 fpm
On glideslope5.1°7.2°
On centreline0.2° off0.3° off
On speed+20 kt+24 kt
Wings level0° bank3° bank

At the 1,000 ft gate: gear still up and glideslope more than 1° off the runway's 2.8°.

At the 500 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed, glideslope more than 1° off the runway's 2.8° and speed more than 24 kt above the approach speed of 161 kt.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: high all the way, gear up until 3.1 nm, banked until 0.9 nm, sinking too fast from 2.1 nm, fast from 1.7 nm and left of the centreline from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KSFO 28L

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 2.8° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

High from 3.9 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,050 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 2.8° here, which is about 300 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,2609606503502.8° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND1,9741,8191,6651,0025531,000 ft gate5 of 7gear downon glideslope1,854 ft · 181 kt500 ft gate4 of 7sink rateon glideslopeon speed1,383 ft · 185 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 6× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band from 3.9 nm, where the final began, to 1.3 nm, then drifted 66 m right between 1.3 and 0.5 nm, then back inside it from 0.5 to 0.3 nm, then 30 m left of it from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR168 m L0168 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND25 m R21 m R15 m R65 m R14 m R23 m R19 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 40 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 24 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Inside the speed band from 3.9 nm, where the final began, to 1.7 nm, then fast to the threshold (up to +33 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

160180200220 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 161+28 kt+15 kt+16 kt+22 kt+32 kt+32 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KSFO 28L

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
154ft
Threshold speed48.68
192kttarget 149, 43 fast
Centreline offset71.88
29.05m L

Touchdown

Past threshold0.00
1,032m
Centreline48.17
20.20m R
Speed75.75
171kttarget 146, 25 fast
Touchdown rate13.55
-626fpm
Impact70.86
1.76G
BouncesOk
None
The flare58.07

The flare strayed well off the target profile. Crossing the threshold 43 kt above target, the flare took all the sink out 46 ft agl above the runway and the aircraft then dropped the rest of the way, 411 fpm of sink coming back. Touchdown was 1,032 m past the threshold. Hold the attitude and let it settle rather than pushing - that excess speed is what turns a normal flare into a balloon, so the fix is on the approach, not in the flare.

The crosswind

3 kt across from the left, which takes about 1° of crab to hold the centreline at 172 kt. Touched down with the nose 13° into wind, 4° of bank.

Wind 250° at 4 kt · 3 kt head · 3 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 171 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 23 s, an average deceleration of 0.32 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

0408012016060 kt · 1,351 m30 kt · 1,418 mtouchdown1,474 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 2,332 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 154 ft, 104 ft above the 50 ft target; began the flare high, at 88 ft. Touched down 1,032 m in, 727 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 2,332 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

154 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare began at 88 ft−1,246 fpm · 0.7° · 189 ktdescent slowed at 46 ft · −367 fpm · 3.1°−625 fpm · 3.2° nose up · 172 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 154 ft, down at 1,032 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 1,250 fpm at the flare to 620 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 2.5° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−750−1,5000°5°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−625 fpm at touchdown3.2° at touchdown, +2.5° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 2,332 m of the 3,371 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 20 m right of the centreline, and steered back to 9.3 m left by the end of the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,5002,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 3 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 1,032 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 1,032 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The 1.76 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 2,210 m of 3,371 m · 66 %
In the air over the runway, 1,032 mRollout, 1,178 m Left over, 1,161 m
Rollout distance100.00
1,178m65 % used
Rollout alignment80.85
13.80m L

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Flight narrative

The Boeing 777-300ER taxied from the parking area to runway 21L at MPTO Tocumen International Airport, a taxi of 11 minutes covering 2 nm.

Take-off was on runway 21L, using 2,137 m (70 % of the runway). Rotation occurred at 174 kt. The local weather was 31 °C with wind 2 kt from 251°, giving a 2 kt headwind and a 2 kt crosswind.

Initial climb to 1,000 ft agl took 26 seconds, averaging 1,808 fpm and reaching 218 kt at the top of the segment. The climb continued from 1,047 ft asl to 32,865 ft asl in 22 minutes, covering 150 nm, beginning 2 nm south-east of Pedregal.

Cruise was level at 33,100 ft asl for 336 minutes, covering 2,669 nm, starting 57 nm north-east of Bocas del Toro.

Descent began from 33,071 ft asl to 1,802 ft asl in 21 minutes, covering 118 nm, starting 3 nm north-west of Lockwood.

Final approach to runway 28L at KSFO San Francisco International Airport descended from 1,987 ft agl to 198 ft agl in 73 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway were met for landing flap, centreline, and wings level; they were not met for gear down, sink rate, glideslope, and speed. Gear was lowered at 1,848 ft agl at 183 kt. Final flap position 6 was selected at 28 ft agl at 175 kt.

Landing on runway 28L (runway length 3,371 m) had a threshold height of 155 ft agl, which was excessively over target, and a threshold speed of 192 kt, which was too high. The flare was poor; the aircraft ballooned in the flare. Touchdown occurred 637 m beyond the touchdown zone, at 172 kt, which was fast, with a heavy rate of -626 fpm. The touchdown point was misaligned by 20.2 m from the centreline. No bounce occurred.

Total landing distance was 2,265 m (67 % of the runway). Runway rollout was slightly misaligned by 13.8 m from the centreline. Local weather at KSFO was 17 °C with wind 4 kt from 250°, giving a 3 kt headwind and a 3 kt crosswind.

After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area, a taxi of 10 minutes covering 1 nm.

Overall, the flight covered 2,948 nm in 396 minutes and used 58,748 kg of fuel.

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