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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Departure
Ease the nose up sooner to lift off at 68 kt instead of letting speed build on the ground.
What happened: The aircraft lifted off at 86 kt, 18 kt above the target liftoff speed.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 68 kt at liftoff
See Departure Roll
Arrival
Bring the power back earlier on final so the speed settles to 62 kt well before the threshold, instead of carrying it in fast.
What happened: Crossed the threshold at 76 kt, 14 kt above the approach speed; approaches that carry that much extra energy over the threshold usually end up flat on touchdown as the nose stays down, and that combination usually lands firm or hard.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 62 kt at the threshold
There are several things that can go wrong during the flare, carrying too much speed over the threshold, starting the flare at the wrong height and inconsistent flight control inputs, all contribute to a poor flare resulting in a hard touchdown or a float down the runway.
Read more in Flare TimingStart to finish · 17 stages, 14 in the score
Events
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Events
From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Lifted off at 86 kt with 2.7° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 237 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 677 m of runway left; then climbing at 830 fpm on average to 237 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 2,439 m runway.
Rolled from 406 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 4.5 m at the widest, and lifted off 3.1 m left. Airborne 62 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.
Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.9 nm out at 93 kt
The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.
Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded
The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Low on downwind: 735 ft against 1,000 ft, 265 ft below.
Descending on downwind. Power comes back abeam, the aircraft isn't re-trimmed, your eyes are outside judging the turn point, and 100 ft leaks away before base. Shows up as a low gate 2, and everything after it is a scramble.
Read more in Pattern WorkEarly: turned base with the threshold 98° behind, against 45°.
Base. Turn 90 degrees towards the runway when the threshold sits about 45 degrees behind your shoulder. Descend at around 80 kt with second-stage flap. The geometry of that 45-degree cue isn't arbitrary. It produces a base leg long enough to lose roughly 500 ft at about 500 fpm before the final turn. Once you know that's what the cue is for, you can derive your own turn point for any aircraft and any speed.
Read more in Pattern WorkSteep: 52° of bank.
Bank angle in the pattern is conventionally kept to 20 to 30 degrees, and the base-to-final turn is where that convention earns its keep. Stall speed rises with bank because the wing must produce more lift in a turn. Roughly 7 per cent higher at 30 degrees, about 19 per cent at 45, and around 40 per cent at 60. At 65 kt on base you don't have much margin to spend steepening a turn to salvage an overshoot.
Read more in Pattern WorkThe final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
High from 1.1 nm, where the final began, to 0.4 nm (up to 550 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 588 m left of the centreline at 1.1 nm, then inside the band from 0.2 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 31 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 19 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 1.1 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to +35 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The flare strayed well off the target profile. Pitch was -1.9° at touchdown, at or below this aircraft's ground attitude, so the nosewheel met the runway with the main wheels or before them. Touchdown was 190 m past the threshold. Keep raising the nose through the flare so the main wheels touch first.
No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.
Wind 057° at 2 kt · 2 kt head · 0 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 81 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 17 s, an average deceleration of 0.16 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.
Began the flare at 32 ft, 8 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 27 ft, 23 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 190 m in, 114 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
From the flare the descent stopped and turned into a climb of 110 fpm before coming down at 640 fpm to touch. The pitch barely changed.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,439 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 4 m left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 4.2 m left at the widest.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.
The 190 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 2.05 G arrival bounced.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 taxied from the parking area to runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base in 7 minutes, covering 1 nm.
Take-off was performed on runway 06 with a takeoff roll of 1,569 m, which was 64 % of the runway length. Liftoff occurred at 86 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 16 °C, wind 2 kt from 057°, with 0 kt crosswind and a 2 kt headwind.
The initial climb to 400 ft agl lasted 15 seconds, averaging 1,064 fpm and reaching 79 kt at the top of the climb.
A left-hand circuit was flown for 3 minutes. The downwind leg was less than 1 nm and lasted 19 seconds at 740 ft agl; the base leg was also less than 1 nm and lasted 4 seconds.
During final approach to runway 06, the aircraft descended from 960 ft agl to 94 ft agl in 38 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 500 ft above the runway showed gear down and landing flap met, while sink rate, glideslope and speed were not met.
Landing on runway 06, which is 2,439 m long, occurred with a good threshold height but a threshold speed that was too high at 76 kt. The flare was poor; the aircraft touched down flat with the nosewheel first. Touchdown distance was 190 m, touchdown speed was 70 kt (fast), and touchdown rate was heavy at minus 643 fpm. The touchdown point was slightly misaligned, 4.0 m from the centreline. One bounce occurred after touchdown.
Total landing distance was 670 m, representing 27 % of the runway, and the rollout alignment was very good. Local weather at landing was temperature 15 °C, wind 2 kt from 057°, with 0 kt crosswind and a 2 kt headwind.
After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area in 3 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
The entire flight covered 10 nm, lasted 15 minutes, and used 3 kg of fuel.
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