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HKRE
Nairobi, Kenya
Runway 06
Elevation5,295 ft asl
Weight850 kg
Fuel46 kg
Wind57° · 2 kn

Flight Score

88.60 %
HKRE
Nairobi, Kenya
Runway 06
Elevation5,295 ft asl
Weight848 kg
Fuel43 kg
Wind57° · 2 kn
1 Nov 2026 0:15 10 nm Cessna 172 3 kg
Departure Score
96.77 %
Pattern Score
79.89 %
Arrival Score
89.13 %

What went well

Touchdown 190 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 24 % of the runway used
Rollout held the centreline — 3.26 m off at taxi speed

What held you back

Pattern Base Leg Turn — Angle to runway (45 degrees) 98.5 ° at 0 %, bank angle up to 42.5 ° at 42 %, −2.66 points
Pattern Final Turn — bank angle up to 52.4 ° at 0 %, −2.51 points
Firm touchdown — 643 fpm with one bounce, −2.19 points on the touchdown
  • Arrival Touchdown · sink rate 643 fpm−1.67
  • Arrival Touchdown · bounced once−0.33
  • Arrival Touchdown · 2.05 G at contact−0.19

Next time

Departure

Ease the nose up sooner to lift off at 68 kt instead of letting speed build on the ground.

What happened: The aircraft lifted off at 86 kt, 18 kt above the target liftoff speed.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 68 kt at liftoff

See Departure Roll

Arrival

Bring the power back earlier on final so the speed settles to 62 kt well before the threshold, instead of carrying it in fast.

What happened: Crossed the threshold at 76 kt, 14 kt above the approach speed; approaches that carry that much extra energy over the threshold usually end up flat on touchdown as the nose stays down, and that combination usually lands firm or hard.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 62 kt at the threshold

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

There are several things that can go wrong during the flare, carrying too much speed over the threshold, starting the flare at the wrong height and inconsistent flight control inputs, all contribute to a poor flare resulting in a hard touchdown or a float down the runway.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 17 stages, 14 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 7 minutes and covered 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 13 kt0 kt min to max 27 kt 0 1 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 12 ktmax 18 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 1.0 °-16.6 ° min to max 3.2 ° 2.3 1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 26.3 ° 0.0 0.2 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 2 kt
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 2 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 2 kt
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 23 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 18 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 11 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base, Average speed was 0 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 7 kt6 kt min to max 8 kt 6 8 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.2 °2.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 2.2 2.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 87.27Departure roll runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base. Takeoff distance 1,569 m 64 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 86 kt. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 2 kt at 57 °. Crosswind: 0 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 1,569 m64 % of runway
61 % Liftoff speed was 86 ktTarget 68 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 4.50 m left4.50 m left to 0.07 m right -0.07 2.91 m
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.93 g min to max 1.14 g 0.99 1.14 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 2.3 °1.0 ° min to max 6.0 ° 2.2 6.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 2.9 ° 0.4 2.9 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 06 HKRE Moi Air Base.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.2 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -0.2 °
100 % Average speed 87 kt86 kt min to max 87 kt 86 86 kt
100 % Average bank angle 3.6 °2.9 ° min to max 4.3 ° 2.9 4.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.18 g1.08 g min to max 1.28 g 1.27 1.20 g
Info Average VSI 758 fpm484 fpm min to max 1,099 fpm 484 1,099 fpm
Info Average altitude 11 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 28 ft agl 0 28 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.5 °4.8 ° min to max 12.4 ° 6.0 11.6 °
Departure Climb 2 99.83Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 06 HKRE Moi Air Base.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 84 kt79 kt min to max 86 kt 86 79 kt
100 % Average bank angle 3.3 °0.4 ° min to max 4.9 ° 4.4 4.6 °
98 % Average g force 0.94 g0.55 g min to max 1.27 g 1.17 0.98 g
Info Average VSI 1,140 fpm695 fpm min to max 1,315 fpm 1,128 946 fpm
Info Average altitude 68 ft agl30 ft agl min to max 237 ft agl 30 237 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.1 °5.6 ° min to max 12.5 ° 11.2 8.2 °
Pattern Entry 99.56Left hand pattern entry from runway 06 HKRE Moi Air Base. Distance was less than 1 nm in 43 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 91 kt79 kt min to max 96 kt 79 88 kt
100 % Average bank angle 11.2 °0.1 ° min to max 47.8 ° 7.2 44.8 °
96 % Average g force 1.00 g0.27 g min to max 1.51 g 0.91 0.72 g
Info Average VSI 422 fpm-1,045 fpm min to max 1,484 fpm 802 17 fpm
Info Average altitude 370 ft agl205 ft agl min to max 545 ft agl 251 545 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.1 °-5.0 ° min to max 11.8 ° 7.1 -2.7 °

Events

Info Stall Warning Activated 649 ft agl · 107 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 663 ft agl · 100 kt
Pattern Downwind Turn 94.87Pattern Downwind Turn. Distance was 1 nm. Angle to the runway's far end 32.8 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 90 kt89 kt min to max 91 kt 89 90 kt
83 % Average bank angle 26.8 °22.8 ° min to max 35.1 ° 35.1 23.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.20 g0.91 g min to max 1.62 g 1.62 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 163 fpm-581 fpm min to max 597 fpm -387 496 fpm
Info Average altitude 612 ft agl533 ft agl min to max 662 ft agl 541 662 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.0 °0.5 ° min to max 6.9 ° 0.5 4.8 °
Pattern Downwind 82.02Pattern Downwind Leg. Distance was less than 1 nm in 19 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
88 % Heading 6.8 °-1.3 ° min to max 17.5 ° 10.9 17.5 °
52 % Average altitude 735 ft agl670 ft agl min to max 784 ft agl 670 770 ft agl
100 % Average speed 93 kt90 kt min to max 101 kt 90 101 kt
99.8 % Average g force 0.98 g0.81 g min to max 1.33 g 1.05 0.92 g
Info Average VSI 268 fpm-637 fpm min to max 697 fpm 408 -637 fpm
Info Average bank angle 10.8 °2.1 ° min to max 23.6 ° 23.6 9.8 °
Info Average pitch angle 2.7 °-4.0 ° min to max 6.8 ° 4.8 -4.0 °
Pattern Base Leg Turn 52.17Pattern Base Leg Turn. Distance was 1 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 98.5 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 98.5 °.
100 % Average speed 99 kt84 kt min to max 115 kt 103 115 kt
42 % Average bank angle 9.5 °0.1 ° min to max 42.5 ° 6.6 40.7 °
97 % Average g force 1.01 g0.27 g min to max 2.01 g 1.08 1.14 g
Info Average VSI 227 fpm-2,273 fpm min to max 1,874 fpm -855 -2,273 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,091 ft agl725 ft agl min to max 1,383 ft agl 758 1,066 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °-10.5 ° min to max 24.2 ° -3.0 -10.5 °

Events

Info Stall Warning Activated 1,294 ft agl · 96 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 1,313 ft agl · 99 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 1,226 ft agl · 118 kt
Pattern Base Leg 95.87Pattern Base Leg. Distance was less than 1 nm in 4 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading 1.6 °-14.5 ° min to max 14.0 ° 14.0 -14.5 °
100 % Average speed 112 kt104 kt min to max 117 kt 117 104 kt
59 % Average g force 1.47 g1.20 g min to max 2.00 g 1.20 1.25 g
Info Average VSI -1,223 fpm-2,463 fpm min to max -5 fpm -2,365 -5 fpm
Info Average altitude 977 ft agl949 ft agl min to max 1,031 ft agl 1,031 949 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 40.7 °36.1 ° min to max 49.3 ° 38.6 49.3 °
Info Average pitch angle -1.8 °-10.2 ° min to max 1.9 ° -10.2 1.3 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 868 ft agl · 131 kt
Pattern Final Turn 54.84Pattern Final Turn. Distance was 1 nm in 36 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 91 kt83 kt min to max 101 kt 101 83 kt
0 % Average bank angle 12.0 °1.5 ° min to max 52.4 ° 52.4 7.0 °
98 % Average g force 1.03 g0.38 g min to max 1.50 g 1.50 0.93 g
Info Average VSI -1,324 fpm-1,980 fpm min to max -60 fpm -60 -913 fpm
Info Average altitude 508 ft agl100 ft agl min to max 948 ft agl 948 100 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -6.3 °-11.4 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 -4.4 °
Arrival Approach Final approach to runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base. Descent from 960 ft agl to 94 ft agl in 38 seconds. Not scored on a circuit: the stabilisation gate is shown for reference.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
100 % Landing flappassed
0 % Sink ratefailed
0 % On glideslopefailed
0 % On speedfailed
Arrival Landing 82.80Landing on runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base, runway length 2,439 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was too high at 76 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
80 % Threshold speed was too high at 76 kt. Target 62 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
55 % The flare strayed well off the target profile. Pitch was -1.9° at touchdown, at or below this aircraft's ground attitude, so the nosewheel met the runway with the main wheels or before them. Touchdown was 190 m past the threshold. Keep raising the nose through the flare so the main wheels touch first.
100 % Runway alignment max 3.21 m left3.21 m left to 0.35 m right -0.35 3.21 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 1.2 0.8 °
82 % Average g force 1.04 g0.77 g min to max 1.56 g 1.10 0.88 g
Info Average speed 73 kt70 kt min to max 76 kt 76 70 kt
Info Average VSI -397 fpm-646 fpm min to max -161 fpm -646 -478 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 28 ft agl 28 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.6 °-2.4 ° min to max 6.9 ° 0.8 -1.9 °
07515022501123344657Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 73.71Touchdown distance was good at 190 m. Touchdown speed at 70 kt was fast. Touchdown rate was heavy at -643 fpm. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 4.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 2 kt at 57 °. Crosswind: 0 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Touchdown rate was -643 fpm.
100 % Touchdown distance was 190 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 70 ktTarget below 62 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 4.01 m left3.66 m left 3.21 4.01 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.1 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.8 0.8 °
54 % Average g force 1.12 g0.75 g min to max 2.05 g 0.88 1.13 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 68 kt67 kt min to max 70 kt 70 67 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °-1.9 ° min to max 5.0 ° -1.9 2.4 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 670 m, 27 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 670 m27 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 3.34 m right1.50 m left to 3.34 m right 1.50 -3.26 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.10 g 1.10 1.00 g
Info Average speed 63 kt41 kt min to max 78 kt 78 41 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.6 °-1.6 ° min to max 2.7 ° 2.6 0.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 3.9 ° 0.7 0.0 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 8 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 19 kt0 kt min to max 40 kt 40 12 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.6 °0.4 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.8 1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.0 0.4 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl · 14 kt
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 3 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 16 kt0 kt min to max 29 kt 11 1 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 13 ktmax 22 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.01 g 0.99 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 1.6 °-0.4 ° min to max 2.7 ° 2.1 1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.1 0.1 °

Events

Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl · 16 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 86 kt with 2.7° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF2.7° off9° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 2.2° 0 s
Liftoff1,120 m · target 68 86 kt 2.7° 35.5 s
35 ft1,356 m · 4.7 s after liftoff 85 kt 8.9° 40.2 s
End of the climb1,914 m · 237 ft 79 kt 8.2° 52.5 s

Takeoff from HKRE 06

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
1,569m64 %
Liftoff speed61.33
86kttarget 68, 18 fast
Runway alignment100.00
4.50m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb100.00
757fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 237 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 677 m of runway left; then climbing at 830 fpm on average to 237 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050607080KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 86 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 2,439 m runway.

Rolled from 406 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 4.5 m at the widest, and lifted off 3.1 m left. Airborne 62 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

1,0002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 4.51 m LROLL 406 M INAirborne 1,526 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,526 m of 2,439 m · 63 %
Behind the start of the roll, 406 mTakeoff roll, 1,120 m Left ahead, 913 m

The circuit to HKRE 06

Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.9 nm out at 93 kt

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING1234downwindbase90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKcircuit height 1,000 ftturn crosswind from 500 ft48°135°243°352°4distance flown →
HeightBankA turnCircuit height ±50 ft30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
529 ft
Bank
48°
Speed
94 kt

Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.

2Onto downwind
Bank
35°
Height
735 ft on 1,000 ft
Speed
93 kt
Out
0.6 nm 0.9 suits 93 kt

Low on downwind: 735 ft against 1,000 ft, 265 ft below.

Descending on downwind. Power comes back abeam, the aircraft isn't re-trimmed, your eyes are outside judging the turn point, and 100 ft leaks away before base. Shows up as a low gate 2, and everything after it is a scramble.

Read more in Pattern Work
3Base turn
Angle
98° target 45°
Bank
43°
Height
764 ft

Early: turned base with the threshold 98° behind, against 45°.

Base. Turn 90 degrees towards the runway when the threshold sits about 45 degrees behind your shoulder. Descend at around 80 kt with second-stage flap. The geometry of that 45-degree cue isn't arbitrary. It produces a base leg long enough to lose roughly 500 ft at about 500 fpm before the final turn. Once you know that's what the cue is for, you can derive your own turn point for any aircraft and any speed.

Read more in Pattern Work
4Final turn
Bank
52°
Overshoot
1 m none
Speed
91 kt

Steep: 52° of bank.

Bank angle in the pattern is conventionally kept to 20 to 30 degrees, and the base-to-final turn is where that convention earns its keep. Stall speed rises with bank because the wing must produce more lift in a turn. Roughly 7 per cent higher at 30 degrees, about 19 per cent at 45, and around 40 per cent at 60. At 65 kt on base you don't have much margin to spend steepening a turn to salvage an overshoot.

Read more in Pattern Work
Entry100Turn onto downwind95Downwind82Base turn52Base96Final turn55

The approach to HKRE 06

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 1.1 nm, where the final began, to 0.4 nm (up to 550 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND866381
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 588 m left of the centreline at 1.1 nm, then inside the band from 0.2 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND498 m L78 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 31 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 19 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 1.1 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to +35 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

6080100120 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 62+34 kt+28 kt+14 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on HKRE 06

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
27ft
Threshold speed79.52
76kttarget 62, 14 fast
Centreline offset100.00
3.21m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
190m
Centreline100.00
4.01m L
Speed100.00
70kttarget 62, 8 fast
Touchdown rate0.00
-643fpm
Impact54.29
2.05G
Bounces80.00
1
The flare55.22

The flare strayed well off the target profile. Pitch was -1.9° at touchdown, at or below this aircraft's ground attitude, so the nosewheel met the runway with the main wheels or before them. Touchdown was 190 m past the threshold. Keep raising the nose through the flare so the main wheels touch first.

The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 057° at 2 kt · 2 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 81 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 17 s, an average deceleration of 0.16 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608010060 kt · 358 m30 kt · 529 mtouchdown550 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Began the flare at 32 ft, 8 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 27 ft, 23 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 190 m in, 114 m short of the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

27 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare began at 32 ft, 8 m before the threshold−749 fpm · −1.9° · 77 ktdescent slowed at 17 ft · −339 fpm · 6.5°−642 fpm · −1.9° nose down · 70 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 27 ft, down at 190 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

From the flare the descent stopped and turned into a climb of 110 fpm before coming down at 640 fpm to touch. The pitch barely changed.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−3°4°10°descent slowedtouchdown−642 fpm at touchdown−1.9° at touchdown, +0° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,439 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 4 m left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 4.2 m left at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 190 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 190 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 2.05 G arrival bounced.

Runway used 595 m of 2,439 m · 24 %
In the air over the runway, 190 mRollout, 405 m Left over, 1,844 m
Rollout distance100.00
405m24 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
3.34m R

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The Cessna 172 taxied from the parking area to runway 06 at HKRE Moi Air Base in 7 minutes, covering 1 nm.

Take-off was performed on runway 06 with a takeoff roll of 1,569 m, which was 64 % of the runway length. Liftoff occurred at 86 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 16 °C, wind 2 kt from 057°, with 0 kt crosswind and a 2 kt headwind.

The initial climb to 400 ft agl lasted 15 seconds, averaging 1,064 fpm and reaching 79 kt at the top of the climb.

A left-hand circuit was flown for 3 minutes. The downwind leg was less than 1 nm and lasted 19 seconds at 740 ft agl; the base leg was also less than 1 nm and lasted 4 seconds.

During final approach to runway 06, the aircraft descended from 960 ft agl to 94 ft agl in 38 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 500 ft above the runway showed gear down and landing flap met, while sink rate, glideslope and speed were not met.

Landing on runway 06, which is 2,439 m long, occurred with a good threshold height but a threshold speed that was too high at 76 kt. The flare was poor; the aircraft touched down flat with the nosewheel first. Touchdown distance was 190 m, touchdown speed was 70 kt (fast), and touchdown rate was heavy at minus 643 fpm. The touchdown point was slightly misaligned, 4.0 m from the centreline. One bounce occurred after touchdown.

Total landing distance was 670 m, representing 27 % of the runway, and the rollout alignment was very good. Local weather at landing was temperature 15 °C, wind 2 kt from 057°, with 0 kt crosswind and a 2 kt headwind.

After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area in 3 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

The entire flight covered 10 nm, lasted 15 minutes, and used 3 kg of fuel.

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