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WSSS
Singapore, Singapore
Runway XX
Elevation1,590 ft asl
Weight917 kg
Fuel917 kg

Flight Score

77.15 %
WSAP
Malaysia
Runway 20
Elevation63 ft asl
Weight914 kg
Fuel914 kg
9 Dec 2022 0:10 18 nm Cessna C172 3 kg
Departure Score
57.33 %
Enroute Score
93.33 %
Arrival Score
74.40 %

What went well

Touched down at -49 fpm — a soft arrival
1.00 G at touchdown — inside band
Airborne in 362 m — 24 % of the runway

What held you back

Departure Taxi — beacon light off should be on, then navigation light off should be on; Average speed 31 kn at 0 %, Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on at 0 %, −7.07 points
Arrival Landing — at 0 %, −3.90 points
Arrival Touchdown — Touchdown distance was 1,328 m at 0 %, Runway alignment max 25.74 m at 7 %, −3.26 points

Top opportunity

Shorten the long landing

Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 11 stages, 11 scored

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 15.16Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 10 minutes and covered 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 31 kn6 kn min to max 78 kn 21 6 kn
14 % Average speed turning corners 24 knmax 24 kn 0 0 kn
97 % Average g force 1.02 g0.90 g min to max 1.31 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle -1.2 °-3.2 ° min to max 0.9 ° -1.2 -1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.3 0.3 °

Events

Fail Beacon Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Departure Roll 71.15Departure roll Singapore Changi Intl. Bush location altitude 1,590 ft asl. Takeoff distance 9,473 m. liftoff speed was 73 kn. Duration was 16 seconds. Local weather - Temperature 14 °C. Wind 0 kn at 0 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 0 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Liftoff speed was 73 knTarget 65 kn
17 % Alignment max 12.68 m12.68 m left to 0.00 m left 8.39 10.36 m
53 % Average g force 1.05 g0.75 g min to max 2.07 g 1.01 2.07 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Takeoff distance 9,473 m
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-12.5 ° min to max 1.1 ° -1.1 -12.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 3.5 ° 0.3 3.5 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights OFF should be ON
Departure Climb 1 68.30Departure climb to 50 ft agl from Singapore Changi Intl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
93 % Heading variation -1.2 °-1.6 ° min to max -0.6 ° -1.6 -0.6 °
100 % Average speed 73 kn72 kn min to max 73 kn 73 72 kn
0 % Average bank angle 12.6 °3.9 ° min to max 21.4 ° 3.9 21.4 °
50 % Average g force 1.46 g0.78 g min to max 2.13 g 2.11 0.88 g
Info Average VSI 1,014 ft/m446 ft/m min to max 1,532 ft/m 446 1,532 ft/m
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 18 ft agl 0 18 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -20.1 °-23.3 ° min to max -13.5 ° -13.5 -19.4 °
Departure Climb 2 74.71Departure climb to 400 ft agl from Singapore Changi Intl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °-0.6 ° min to max 0.8 ° -0.6 0.8 °
100 % Average speed 70 kn69 kn min to max 72 kn 72 69 kn
0 % Average bank angle 24.7 °22.0 ° min to max 26.6 ° 22.0 26.6 °
97 % Average g force 0.94 g0.70 g min to max 1.17 g 0.95 1.16 g
Info Average VSI 1,785 ft/m1,591 ft/m min to max 1,858 ft/m 1,591 1,789 ft/m
Info Average altitude 43 ft agl21 ft agl min to max 66 ft agl 21 66 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -18.6 °-20.2 ° min to max -16.8 ° -19.6 -18.8 °
Enroute Climb 90.00Enroute climb started 1 mile south of WSSS Singapore Changi Intl Singapore (South West, Singapore). Climbing from 1,660 ft asl to 4,054 ft asl, an increase of 2,394 ft in 3 minutes and covering 4 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 88 kn67 kn min to max 109 kn 69 97 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.8 °0.0 ° min to max 27.9 ° 26.9 9.1 °
0 % Average g force 0.98 g-1.06 g min to max 2.99 g 1.07 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 721 ft/m-607 ft/m min to max 3,250 ft/m 1,763 966 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,731 ft asl1,660 ft asl min to max 4,054 ft asl 1,660 4,054 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -5.5 °-29.4 ° min to max 5.4 ° -18.5 -6.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north of WSSS Singapore Changi Intl Singapore (South West, Singapore) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 4,128 ft asl4,077 ft asl min to max 4,184 ft asl 4,077 4,081 ft asl
100 % Average speed 93 kn82 kn min to max 99 kn 99 82 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.4 °0.3 ° min to max 10.2 ° 9.8 1.6 °
100 % Average g force 0.95 g0.85 g min to max 1.02 g 0.91 1.02 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-5.8 ° min to max 1.7 ° -5.5 1.7 °
Enroute Descent 90.00Enroute descent started 2 miles north west of WSSS Singapore Changi Intl Singapore (South West, Singapore). Descent from 3,864 ft asl to 3,392 ft asl, a decrease of 472 ft in 1 minutes and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 84 kn81 kn min to max 95 kn 95 82 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.1 °0.1 ° min to max 3.1 ° 1.3 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.97 g min to max 1.16 g 1.16 1.06 g
Info Average VSI -807 ft/m-998 ft/m min to max -515 ft/m -916 -889 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,529 ft asl3,392 ft asl min to max 3,864 ft asl 3,864 3,392 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.5 °1.6 ° min to max 4.7 ° 2.7 3.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 100.00Arrival started 2 miles north west of WSSS Singapore Changi Intl Singapore (South West, Singapore).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 93 kn81 kn min to max 106 kn 81 106 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.8 °0.1 ° min to max 11.8 ° 0.1 11.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.79 g min to max 1.12 g 1.03 0.90 g
Info Average VSI -1,209 ft/m-1,704 ft/m min to max -296 ft/m -792 -1,482 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,713 ft asl2,027 ft asl min to max 3,377 ft asl 3,377 2,027 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 6.4 °-0.4 ° min to max 10.0 ° 1.9 8.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 87.68Approaching runway 20 at WSAP Singapore Paya Lebar Aero from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 1,823 ft agl to 1,705 ft agl. A decrease of 118 ft in 6 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
72 % Approach angle 2.0 °1.6 ° min to max 2.5 °Target 3.0 ° 2.5 1.6 °
100 % Average speed 108 kn105 kn min to max 108 kn 108 105 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -0.1 °
67 % Average bank angle 2.3 °0.2 ° min to max 6.0 ° 6.0 1.0 °
99 % Average g force 1.06 g0.83 g min to max 1.27 g 1.04 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -1,155 ft/m-1,546 ft/m min to max -656 ft/m -1,544 -656 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,755 ft agl1,705 ft agl min to max 1,823 ft agl 1,823 1,705 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.8 °3.9 ° min to max 8.4 ° 8.4 4.4 °
00.250.50.751050100150200Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-60-45-30-15015304560Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 64.89Landing on runway 20 at WSAP Singapore Paya Lebar Aero, runway length 4,431 m. Threshold height at 97 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 104 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 104 kn. Target 70 kn
0 % Target 50 ft agl
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.1 -0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 20.1 ° 0.4 20.1 °
99 % Average g force 1.02 g0.73 g min to max 1.23 g 1.08 0.93 g
Info Average speed 93 kn50 kn min to max 104 kn 104 50 kn
Info Average VSI -246 ft/m-703 ft/m min to max 242 ft/m -703 242 ft/m
Info Average altitude 52 ft agl-9 ft agl min to max 97 ft agl 97 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-12.7 ° min to max 3.3 ° 3.3 -12.7 °
0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,2001,2751,3501,4251,50001939587897Runway Distance mLanding Height ft0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,2001,2751,3501,4251,500-30-24-18-12-60612182430Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 70.63Touchdown point was 947 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 30 kn was good. Touchdown rate was perfect at -49 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 14.3 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 14 °C. Wind 0 kn at 0 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 0 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown VSI was -49 ft/m.
0 % Touchdown distance was 1,328 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 30 knTarget 55 kn
7 % Runway alignment max 25.74 m9.16 m left -11.48 14.26 m
92 % Average bank angle 1.7 °1.1 ° min to max 3.7 ° 3.7 1.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 0.99 1.00 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 12 kn5 kn min to max 30 kn 30 5 kn
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-2.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° -2.2 -0.8 °

Takeoff

100.00Takeoff roll362 m · 24 %
100.00Liftoff speed72 kt
17.48Runway alignment12.68 m L
OkBounce on takeoffNone
68.30Rate of climb1,014 fpm

Landing

The threshold, the flare and the hold-off. The approach that led to it is the stabilisation gates below.

0.00Threshold height97 ft
100.00Threshold speed104 kt
100.00Centreline offset0.04 m R

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out.

Five checks, one gate500 ft
Gear down
Sink rate
On glideslope
On centreline
On speed

Touchdown on WSAP 20

Past threshold0.00
1,481m
Centreline6.71
14.26m L
Speed100.00
30kt
Touchdown rate100.00
-49fpm
Impact100.00
1.00G
BouncesOk
None

Side view — the last 1,603 m of the approach.

97 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft 80 ft400 Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 97 ft, down at 1,481 m

Plan view — the first 1,603 m of the 4,431 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD FULL SCORE TO 503 M 1,481 m past threshold CLEARED

Touched down 1,481 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 1,481 m of 4,431 m · 33 %

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight map
Replay this flight in 3D The full flight path over the terrain with every stage, event and score along the route.
Takeoff report
Takeoff on runway XX at WSSS Singapore Changi Intl in the Cessna 172
57.33 %
15.16 %
Taxi
Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 10 minutes and covered 5 nm.
Taxi Lights
100 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
30 15 0
Turn Speed
13.75 %
30 15 0
G
96.57 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
1 -1 -3
71.15 %
Takeoff Roll
Departure roll Singapore Changi Intl. Bush location altitude 1,590 ft asl. Takeoff distance 9,473 m. liftoff speed was 73 kn. Duration was 16 seconds. Local weather - Temperature 14 °C. Wind 0 kn at 0 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 0 kn
The bush takeoff report uses a virtual runway in the direction of the roll and is 5,000 feet long and 50 feet wide
Takeoff Distance
100 %
Roll distance of 9,473 m using 621.58 % of runway
Liftoff Speed
100 %
Liftoff speed was 73 kn - Target 62 kn
Alignment
17.48 %
12.68 m left to 0.00 m left
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Strobe Lights
100 %
Switched On
Landing Lights
0 %
Switched Off
G
53.14 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
80 45 10
Bank °
Info
4 2 0
Pitch °
Info
2 -5 -12
0250-10-50510 Runway Distance m Runway Alignment to End of Runway m
68.3 %
Climb 1
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from Singapore Changi Intl.
Alignment
93.33 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
80 75 70
Bank °
0 %
22 13 3
G
49.71 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
-12 -18 -23
Climb Rate fpm
Info
1,600 750 -100
74.71 %
Climb 2
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from Singapore Changi Intl.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
80 70 60
Bank °
0 %
27 25 22
G
97.14 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
-15 -18 -20
Climb Rate fpm
Info
1,900 1,650 1,400
025001224364860 Runway Distance m Height at End of Runway ft
000.010.010.010.0201326395265 Climb Distance NM Climb Profile to 1,000 ft
000.010.010.010.02-60-48-36-24-1201224364860 Climb Distance NM Runway Alignment (in m) to 1,000 ft
Landing report
Landing on runway 20 at WSAP Singapore Paya Lebar Aero in the Cessna 172
Landing Score 74.4 %
87.68 %
Final 1
Approaching runway 20 at WSAP Singapore Paya Lebar Aero from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 1,823 ft agl to 1,705 ft agl. A decrease of 118 ft in 6 seconds.
Glideslope
72.1 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
72.1 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
109 104 100
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
66.86 %
6 3 0
G
98.86 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-656 -1,128 -1,600
00.250.50.751050100150200 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
00.250.50.751-60-45-30-15015304560 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment m
64.89 %
Landing
Landing on runway 20 at WSAP Singapore Paya Lebar Aero, runway length 4,431 m. Threshold height at 97 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 104 kn.
Height
0 %
Threshold height at 97 ft agl was significantly above target. Target 50 ft agl
Speed
100 %
Threshold speed was excessively high at 104 kt. Target 62 kt
Flare
0 %
Very poor landing flare
Centreline ft
100 %
100 0 -100
Bank °
100 %
21 11 0
G
98.86 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
104 77 50
Pitch °
Info
4 -4 -12
Descent Rate fpm
Info
242 -279 -800
0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,2001,2751,3501,4251,50001939587897 Runway Distance m Landing Height ft
0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,1251,2001,2751,3501,4251,500-30-24-18-12-60612182430 Runway Distance m Runway Width m
70.63 %
Touchdown
Touchdown point was 947 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 30 kn was good. Touchdown rate was perfect at -49 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 14.3 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 14 °C. Wind 0 kn at 0 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 0 kn.
Touchdown
100 %
Touchdown rate was perfect at -49 fpm.
Speed
100 %
Touchdown speed at 30 kt was good. Target below 52 kn
Distance
0 %
Touchdown point was 947 m beyond the touchdown zone.
Alignment
6.71 %
Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 14.3 m from centreline.
Bank
92.48 %
Bank angle 1.7 °
G
100 %
G 1.00 g
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Metrics
Metrics

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