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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Departure
Make small rudder corrections against a fixed point at the far end of the runway to hold the centreline during the roll.
What happened: The aircraft drifted 8.4 m off the runway centreline during the ground roll, and wing drift like that usually keeps reappearing as bank in the climb, with 3.8° of bank in the first climb segment and 2.3° still showing in the second.
Watch for: Heading indicator: steady on the runway centreline during the roll, then wings level through the climb.
Arrival
Add power on short final to recover 94 kt by the threshold, then hold that speed through the flare.
What happened: Crossing the threshold at 78 kt against the 94 kt target usually leaves too little energy for the flare, and the sink that then returns usually carries through to a firm touchdown.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 94 kt at the threshold.
There are several things that can go wrong during the flare, carrying too much speed over the threshold, starting the flare at the wrong height and inconsistent flight control inputs, all contribute to a poor flare resulting in a hard touchdown or a float down the runway.
Read more in Flare TimingStart to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Lifted off at 80 kt with 12.9° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 214 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft 197 m past the runway end; then climbing at 640 fpm on average to 214 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 642 m runway.
Rolled from 101 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 8.2 m at the widest, and lifted off 8.4 m left. Airborne 91 % of the way down the runway, past the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 300 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.
At the 300 ft gate: speed more than 5 kt below the approach speed of 94 kt.
Still turning onto final at the lower gate, so the centreline and wings level are not asked there - the aeroplane was not lined up yet, and was banked because it was turning. The other checks are marked as usual.
When the approach was stable
Never every check met at once: right of the centreline all the way, slow from 0.2 nm to the threshold.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 150 ft below the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 1,111 m right of the centreline at 1.8 nm.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 47 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 28 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to 1.2 nm, then slow to 0.7 nm (up to −11 kt), then inside the band to 0.2 nm, then slow to the threshold (up to −17 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The flare wandered off the target profile. The flare took all the sink out 10 ft agl above the runway and the aircraft settled on from there, 1,271 fpm of sink coming back, having crossed the threshold below target speed. Touchdown was 319 m past the threshold. Carry the speed to the flare and hold it lower - the aircraft ran out of lift before the wheels arrived, so the fix is energy on the approach, not attitude.
3 kt across from the left, which takes about 2° of crab to hold the centreline at 72 kt. Touched down with 2° of it still on, 4° of bank.
Wind 167° at 4 kt · 2 kt head · 3 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 78 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 11 s, an average deceleration of 0.27 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 638 m of the approach.
Began the flare at 20 ft, 5 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 18 ft, 32 ft below the 50 ft target; ballooned 15 ft from 3 ft. Touched down 319 m in, close to the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 638 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
From the flare the descent stopped and turned into a climb of 560 fpm before coming down at 650 fpm to touch. The nose came up 5.6° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the full 638 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 4.6 m right of the centreline and drifted to 8.8 m left on the rollout.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
The 319 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.69 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.
The rest of the report
The Beechcraft Duke taxied to runway 29 at LILR Cremona-Migliaro Airfield and commenced the departure roll. Takeoff was achieved after a distance of 581 m, representing 91 % of the runway, with liftoff attained at 80 kt. Local conditions were 28 °C with a wind of 3 kt from 359°, giving a 3 kt cross-wind component and a 1 kt head-wind component.
Climb began overhead the departure field, rising from 389 ft asl to 14 009 ft asl - an increase of 13 621 ft - in 14 minutes while covering 32 nm. The aircraft continued the ascent on a heading that kept it over the Cremona area.
Level cruise was established over Brusaporto, Lombardia, Italy and was maintained for 20 minutes, during which 69 nm were flown.
Descent commenced over Bonaduz, Kanton Graubünden, Switzerland, with the altitude decreasing from 13 999 ft asl to 8 884 ft asl - a loss of 5 115 ft - in 7 minutes while covering 23 nm.
A second level cruise segment was flown over Grabs, Kanton St. Gallen, Switzerland for 3 minutes, covering 11 nm.
The next descent started 1 mile south-east of Koblach, Vorarlberg, Austria, dropping from 8 353 ft asl to 1 540 ft asl - a loss of 6 813 ft - in 7 minutes and spanning 17 nm.
Final approach to runway 23 at LOIH Hohenems-Dornbirn Airfield was executed from the north-east on a heading of 223.0°, beginning at 0 nm and 191 ft agl. The approach segment descended from 301 ft agl to 36 ft agl in 44 seconds and met the stabilisation gates.
Landing was made on runway 23, whose length is 638 m. The threshold speed was slightly below target at 78 kt, while touchdown occurred at 72 kt with a hard rate of minus 480 fpm. The touchdown point used more than 50 % of the available runway; total landing distance was 569 m, representing 89 % of the runway. The aircraft touched down 5.9 m off the centreline. Weather at the destination was 22 °C with a wind of 4 kt from 167°, giving a 4 kt cross-wind component and a 2 kt head-wind component. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
The aircraft taxied from the runway to parking in less than 1 minute, covering less than 1 nm.
In total the flight covered 154 nm, required 54 minutes, and consumed 98 kg of fuel.
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