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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Arrival
Add power on final to keep the approach speed at 61 kt rather than letting it decay before the threshold.
What happened: The aircraft crossed the threshold at 50 kt, 11 kt below the target, and touchdown followed with a firm, high sink rate arrival. Crossing the threshold slow like this usually carries through to a firmer touchdown as the flare runs out of energy.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 61 kt at the threshold.
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 58 kt, on the 56 kt target, and lifted off at 68 kt 4.0 s later, the nose coming up at 1.3° a second.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 475 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 202 m of runway left; then climbing at 760 fpm on average to 475 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 1,452 m runway.
Rolled from the start of the runway, drifted right of the centreline, 3 m at the widest, and lifted off 3 m right. Airborne 37 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.
Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.8 nm out at 85 kt
The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.
Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded
The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn.
The final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 1.0 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 150 ft above the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Inside the 1° band all the way from 1.0 nm, never more than 131 m off the centreline.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 31 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 18 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band all the way, between −11 kt and +15 kt on the approach speed of 61 kt.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The flare held the target profile well. Pitch reached 8.8° at touchdown, well above this aircraft's ground attitude. Touchdown was 153 m past the threshold. That is tail strike territory - stop the rotation once the sink is arrested.
Calm: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 1° right of the track, wings level.
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 52 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 14 s, an average deceleration of 0.09 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 1,452 m of the approach.
Began the flare at 19 ft, 93 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 8 ft, 42 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 153 m in, 152 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,452 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 320 fpm at the flare to 60 fpm at 3 ft, then back up to 190 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 5.3° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the full 1,452 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down on the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 3.7 m right at the widest.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.
The 153 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The Cessna Skyhawk departed from runway 10 at LSZR Sankt Gallen Altenrhein Airport. The take-off roll was 546 m, which is 38 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 58 kt. Local weather at departure was 20 °C with wind 0 kt from 225°, crosswind 0 kt and headwind 0 kt.
Initial climb to 400 ft agl took 26 seconds, averaging 833 fpm and reaching 74 kt at the top of the climb. The aircraft then entered a left-hand circuit for runway 10. The downwind leg was 2 nm and lasted 80 seconds at 1 000 ft agl; the base leg was less than 1 nm and lasted 14 seconds.
On final approach to runway 10, descent was from 509 ft agl to 23 ft agl in 46 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, landing flap, sink rate, on glideslope and on speed - all met; on centreline and wings level - not met.
Landing was on runway 10, whose length is 1 452 m and had a good threshold height. Threshold speed was a little below target at 50 kt. The flare was described as great. Touchdown occurred 153 m down the runway at 41 kt with a descent rate of minus 192 fpm; alignment was perfect and there was no bounce. Total landing distance was 456 m, 31 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good.
Local weather at landing was 19 °C. The total flight covered 6 nm in 5 minutes and used 1 kg of fuel.
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