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CYYZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 06L
Elevation545 ft asl
Weight13,573 lbs
Fuel2,913 lbs
Wind33° · 10 kn · 2 kn cross

Flight Score

83.01 %
KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 05
Elevation679 ft asl
Weight12,455 lbs
Fuel1,765 lbs
Wind20° · 9 kn · 4 kn cross
29 Mar 2025 1:21 80 nm Cessna CJ4 Citation 1,148 lbs
Departure Score
95.46 %
Enroute Score
97.00 %
Arrival Score
56.56 %

What went well

Rollout controlled — 49 % of the runway used
Lifted off at 128 kt — on the 130 kt rotation target
Airborne in 1,769 ft — 19 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 146 kt. at 0 %, Landing and flare profile at 0 %, −3.66 points
Arrival Taxi — peak taxi speed 46 kt at 0 %, Taxi Lights at 0 %, −2.48 points
Arrival Touchdown — Touchdown distance was 944 m at 0 %, Runway alignment max 79.96 m at 0 %, −1.94 points

Top opportunity

Shorten the long landing

Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 20 stages, 18 scored

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 1 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kt0 kt min to max 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 ktmax 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.01 g
Info Average pitch angle -1.7 °-1.9 ° min to max -1.7 ° -1.7 -1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.1 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 06L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport, Average speed was 9 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 0 kt0 kt min to max 0 kt 0 0 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.8 °-1.9 ° min to max -1.8 ° -1.9 -1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 100.00Departure roll runway 06L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport. Takeoff distance 539 m 19 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 128 kt. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 13 kt at 33 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 13 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 539 m19 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 128 ktTarget 130 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 3.71 m2.51 m left to 1.21 m right -1.21 2.51 m
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.96 g min to max 1.07 g 1.00 1.07 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -1.6 °-2.2 ° min to max 2.6 ° -1.8 2.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.2 0.1 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.3 °-0.4 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.2 -0.4 °
100 % Average speed 141 kt132 kt min to max 147 kt 132 147 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 1.3 ° 0.0 1.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.15 g1.09 g min to max 1.23 g 1.13 1.23 g
Info Average VSI 678 fpm352 fpm min to max 1,075 fpm 352 1,075 fpm
Info Average altitude 21 ft agl1 ft agl min to max 49 ft agl 1 49 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.5 °2.9 ° min to max 8.3 ° 2.9 8.3 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 48 ft agl · 146 kt
Departure Climb 2 95.39Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.6 °-1.4 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.4 -1.4 °
100 % Average speed 150 kt147 kt min to max 156 kt 147 152 kt
82 % Average bank angle 3.4 °1.5 ° min to max 9.0 ° 1.5 9.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.21 g1.14 g min to max 1.26 g 1.23 1.14 g
Info Average VSI 1,847 fpm1,131 fpm min to max 4,031 fpm 1,131 4,031 fpm
Info Average altitude 115 ft agl53 ft agl min to max 391 ft agl 53 391 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 11.6 °8.6 ° min to max 20.2 ° 8.6 20.2 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 73 ft agl · 146 kt
Departure Climb 3 91.90Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
92 % Heading variation -3.1 °-4.5 ° min to max -2.0 ° -2.0 -4.5 °
100 % Average speed 139 kt130 kt min to max 150 kt 150 130 kt
69 % Average bank angle 7.8 °0.3 ° min to max 13.8 ° 10.5 4.6 °
98 % Average g force 0.87 g0.42 g min to max 1.12 g 1.12 0.42 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 4,463 fpm3,499 fpm min to max 4,772 fpm 4,359 3,499 fpm
Info Average altitude 740 ft agl469 ft agl min to max 987 ft agl 469 987 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 20.8 °12.4 ° min to max 23.8 ° 21.6 12.4 °
Enroute Climb 97.03Enroute climb started 1 mile north west of Eringate-Centennial-West Deane (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,560 ft asl to 3,185 ft asl, an increase of 1,625 ft in 2 minutes and covering 7 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 223 kt130 kt min to max 269 kt 130 258 kt
100 % Average bank angle 10.8 °0.0 ° min to max 35.8 ° 6.8 25.3 °
70 % Average g force 1.03 g0.48 g min to max 2.54 g 0.49 1.17 g
Info Average VSI 448 fpm-4,222 fpm min to max 3,636 fpm 2,585 8 fpm
Info Average altitude 2,271 ft asl1,310 ft asl min to max 3,188 ft asl 1,560 3,185 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-11.3 ° min to max 15.0 ° 8.4 -1.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 972 ft agl · 153 kt
Fail Overspeed Warning Activated 2,652 ft agl · 274 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 3,109 ft agl
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 790 ft agl · 185 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 1,990 ft agl · 245 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 1,990 ft agl · 245 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 2,072 ft agl · 244 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,608 ft agl · 286 kt
Info Overspeed Warning Deactivated 2,594 ft agl · 273 kt
Enroute Level 88.97Enroute level cruise started 1 mile south of Clanton Park (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 49 minutes, covering 44 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
94 % Average altitude 2,938 ft asl2,015 ft asl min to max 3,868 ft asl 3,190 2,016 ft asl
79 % Average speed 204 kt146 kt min to max 264 kt 257 146 kt
88 % Average bank angle 14.3 °0.0 ° min to max 45.8 ° 23.2 4.0 °
97 % Average g force 1.06 g0.67 g min to max 1.61 g 1.08 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-2.6 ° min to max 2.3 ° -1.9 1.2 °

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 3,189 ft agl
Fail Overspeed Warning Activated 2,692 ft agl · 274 kt
Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 3,122 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,611 ft agl · 258 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2,724 ft agl · 273 kt
Info Overspeed Warning Deactivated 2,762 ft agl · 274 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 2,837 ft agl · 258 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,678 ft agl · 251 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,122 ft agl · 194 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,323 ft agl · 251 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,766 ft agl · 193 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3,267 ft agl · 255 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3,528 ft agl · 225 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3,401 ft agl · 254 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 2,665 ft agl · 182 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 2,493 ft agl · 175 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 1,900 ft agl · 170 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 1,807 ft agl · 212 kt
Enroute Climb 2 100.00Enroute climb started overhead KIAG Niagara Falls International Airport Niagara Falls (New York, United States). Climbing from 2,015 ft asl to 2,601 ft asl, an increase of 586 ft in 2 minutes and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 170 kt146 kt min to max 197 kt 146 197 kt
100 % Average bank angle 17.0 °0.1 ° min to max 33.6 ° 2.2 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.08 g0.98 g min to max 1.27 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 359 fpm-106 fpm min to max 645 fpm -1 590 fpm
Info Average altitude 2,177 ft asl2,006 ft asl min to max 2,601 ft asl 2,015 2,601 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.3 °0.2 ° min to max 2.8 ° 1.2 0.2 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 2 99.58Enroute level cruise started 1 mile south west of KIAG Niagara Falls International Airport Niagara Falls (New York, United States) and lasted 13 minutes, covering 17 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99 % Average altitude 3,392 ft asl2,696 ft asl min to max 3,705 ft asl 2,696 3,129 ft asl
100 % Average speed 193 kt163 kt min to max 236 kt 198 163 kt
100 % Average bank angle 17.4 °0.0 ° min to max 36.6 ° 0.1 6.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.08 g0.90 g min to max 1.29 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-1.7 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.1 -0.7 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,882 ft agl · 193 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3,104 ft agl · 250 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 2,668 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 2,592 ft agl · 173 kt
Enroute Descent 99.43Enroute descent started 2 miles west of Lackawanna (New York, United States). Descent from 3,127 ft asl to 2,123 ft asl, a decrease of 1,004 ft in 2 minutes and covering 6 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 172 kt158 kt min to max 186 kt 164 185 kt
99 % Average bank angle 17.0 °0.2 ° min to max 40.7 ° 9.1 8.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g0.80 g min to max 1.37 g 0.99 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -592 fpm-1,451 fpm min to max -96 fpm -139 -535 fpm
Info Average altitude 2,701 ft asl2,123 ft asl min to max 3,127 ft asl 3,127 2,123 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.1 °-5.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° -0.8 -3.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 2,469 ft agl · 170 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 2,469 ft agl · 170 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 2,408 ft agl · 169 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 2,417 ft agl · 166 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 2,417 ft agl · 166 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,810 ft agl · 191 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,542 ft agl · 191 kt
Arrival Final 4 71.85Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 4 nm to 3 nm. Descent from 1,426 ft agl to 1,296 ft agl. A decrease of 130 ft in 12 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
75 % Approach angle 3.8 °3.6 ° min to max 4.0 °Target 3.0 ° 3.6 4.0 °
100 % Average speed 175 kt166 kt min to max 184 kt 184 166 kt
27 % Heading variation -11.1 °-11.5 ° min to max -10.3 ° -11.5 -10.3 °
33 % Average bank angle 15.1 °2.9 ° min to max 27.8 ° 10.7 12.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.87 g min to max 1.12 g 1.01 0.88 g
Info Average VSI -628 fpm-989 fpm min to max -558 fpm -561 -989 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,367 ft agl1,296 ft agl min to max 1,426 ft agl 1,426 1,296 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.3 °-3.8 ° min to max -2.9 ° -3.1 -3.1 °

Events

Info Autopilot Master Switched Off 1,371 ft agl · 172 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 1,371 ft agl · 172 kt
33.253.53.7541,2501,3001,3501,400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft33.253.53.754-6,080-4,560-3,040-1,52001,5203,0404,5606,080Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 3 76.09Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 3 nm to 2 nm. Descent from 1,274 ft agl to 888 ft agl. A decrease of 387 ft in 19 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
51 % Approach angle 4.0 °3.8 ° min to max 4.2 °Target 3.0 ° 4.0 4.2 °
100 % Average speed 166 kt163 kt min to max 168 kt 166 165 kt
39 % Heading variation -7.8 °-9.9 ° min to max -5.3 ° -9.9 -5.3 °
85 % Average bank angle 5.4 °1.6 ° min to max 8.6 ° 7.9 5.5 °
100 % Average g force 0.97 g0.79 g min to max 1.22 g 0.87 0.84 g
Info Average VSI -1,195 fpm-1,757 fpm min to max -178 fpm -1,208 -1,476 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,049 ft agl888 ft agl min to max 1,274 ft agl 1,274 888 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.3 °-5.9 ° min to max 1.0 ° -4.2 -5.6 °
22.252.52.7538509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,2001,250Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft22.252.52.753-4,410-3,308-2,205-1,10301,1032,2053,3084,410Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 2 64.58Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 854 ft agl to 444 ft agl. A decrease of 410 ft in 19 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
31 % Approach angle 4.5 °3.9 ° min to max 5.2 °Target 3.0 ° 4.1 4.2 °
100 % Average speed 166 kt158 kt min to max 175 kt 168 175 kt
82 % Heading variation -2.1 °-4.4 ° min to max -0.7 ° -4.4 -0.7 °
35 % Average bank angle 12.1 °2.3 ° min to max 26.9 ° 6.4 5.0 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.62 g min to max 1.29 g 0.85 1.29 g
Info Average VSI -1,242 fpm-3,319 fpm min to max 88 fpm -1,793 -3,269 fpm
Info Average altitude 687 ft agl444 ft agl min to max 854 ft agl 854 444 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.2 °-11.9 ° min to max 3.5 ° -6.4 -7.2 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from an earlier stage 871 ft agl · 171 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 628 ft agl · 164 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 761 ft agl · 177 kt
11.251.51.752500550600650700750800Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-1,470-1,103-735-36803687351,1031,470Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 1 78.87Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 403 ft agl to 124 ft agl. A decrease of 279 ft in 16 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
35 % Approach angle 5.6 °3.9 ° min to max 7.2 °Target 3.0 ° 3.9 5.5 °
100 % Average speed 163 kt151 kt min to max 180 kt 179 151 kt
94 % Heading variation -0.2 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.4 -0.6 °
66 % Average bank angle 6.9 °0.7 ° min to max 15.8 ° 0.7 2.3 °
97 % Average g force 1.10 g0.63 g min to max 1.60 g 1.60 1.35 g
Info Average VSI -1,249 fpm-2,935 fpm min to max 821 fpm -2,791 -919 fpm
Info Average altitude 319 ft agl124 ft agl min to max 423 ft agl 403 124 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.6 °-8.3 ° min to max 3.8 ° -4.9 -0.2 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Final 2 628 ft agl · 164 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 341 ft agl · 157 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 383 ft agl · 176 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 244 ft agl · 157 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 119 ft agl · 150 kt
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 12.14Landing on runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport, runway length 2,308 m. Threshold height at 118 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 146 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 146 kt. Target 94 kt
0 % Target 50 ft agl
0 % Landing and flare profile
0 % Heading variation -2.7 °-3.5 ° min to max -0.8 ° -0.8 -3.5 °
71 % Average bank angle 6.2 °0.1 ° min to max 13.1 ° 2.9 8.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.67 g min to max 1.45 g 1.16 0.89 g
Info Average speed 118 kt110 kt min to max 146 kt 146 110 kt
Info Average VSI -317 fpm-1,344 fpm min to max 151 fpm -278 -564 fpm
Info Average altitude 44 ft agl21 ft agl min to max 121 ft agl 118 21 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-7.1 ° min to max 6.5 ° 1.4 -4.3 °
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,5004,750024477195118Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,5004,750-90-72-54-36-1801836547290Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 53.49Touchdown point was very long using more than 50% of available runway. Touchdown speed at 110 kt was too fast. Touchdown rate was very hard at -564 fpm. Runway touchdown position was excessively misaligned by 80.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 9 kt at 19 °. Crosswind: 4 kt Headwind: 9 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
84 % Touchdown VSI was -564 fpm.
0 % Touchdown distance was 944 mTarget 457 m
76 % Speed at touchdown 110 ktTarget below 92 kt
0 % Runway alignment max 79.96 m71.74 m right -79.96 -64.59 m
25 % Average bank angle 1.8 °0.1 ° min to max 8.1 ° 8.1 0.9 °
79 % Average g force 1.04 g0.61 g min to max 2.24 g 0.89 1.15 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 102 kt99 kt min to max 110 kt 110 99 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.1 °-4.3 ° min to max 11.6 ° -4.3 -3.0 °
Arrival Rollout 55.00Total landing distance 1,371 m, 59 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 64.1 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,371 m59 % of runway.
0 % Runway alignment max 64.07 m0.00 m left to 64.07 m right -64.07 -7.70 m
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.97 g min to max 1.26 g 1.12 0.97 g
Info Average speed 84 kt59 kt min to max 91 kt 91 59 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.6 °-2.7 ° min to max 0.1 ° -2.7 -1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.5 0.1 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 2 ft agl · 82 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 38 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 28 kt13 kt min to max 43 kt 43 13 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.9 °-2.0 ° min to max -1.7 ° -2.0 -1.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.8 0.1 °
Info Average g force 0.99 g0.97 g min to max 1.01 g 0.98 0.99 g

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 32 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 25 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 20 kt
Arrival Taxi 40.50Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 10 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 16 kt0 kt min to max 46 kt 13 7 kt
55 % Average speed turning corners 17 ktmax 21 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.03 g 1.01 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -2.0 °-2.5 ° min to max -1.4 ° -1.6 -1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.1 0.3 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 11 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 23 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl

Takeoff

FailTaxi lightsOff
100.00Takeoff roll1,769 ft · 19 %
100.00Liftoff speed128 kt · target 130, 2 slow
100.00Runway alignment8.2 ft L
OkBounce on takeoffNone
100.00Rate of climb677 fpm

Landing

The threshold, the flare and the hold-off. The approach that led to it is the stabilisation gates below.

0.00Threshold height118 ft
0.00Threshold speed146 kt · target 94, 52 fast
0.00Centreline offset3.5 ft R

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out.

Five checks, one gate500 ft
Gear down
Sink rate
On glideslope
On centreline
On speed

Touchdown on KBUF 05

Past threshold0.00
3,300ft
Centreline0.00
211.9ft R
Speed76.48
110kttarget 91, 19 fast
Touchdown rate83.99
-577fpm
Impact78.86
2.24G
Bounces80.00
1

Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.

118 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft 80 ft400 Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 118 ft, down at 3,300 ft

Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 7,571 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 THRESHOLD CROSS 3 kn FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 3,300 ft past threshold CLEARED

Touched down 3,300 ft past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 3,924 ft of 7,571 ft · 52 %
Rollout distance100.00
624ft49 % used
Rollout alignment0.00
210.2ft R

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The flight began with the aircraft, a Cessna CJ4 Citation, taxiing from the parking area to the runway at Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport, taking approximately 1 minute and covering less than 1 nautical mile. The departure roll took place on runway 06L, with a takeoff distance of 539 meters, which accounted for 19% of the runway. The aircraft lifted off at a speed of 128 knots.

As the aircraft departed, it encountered local weather conditions of 3°C temperature and a wind of 13 knots at 33 degrees. The crosswind was 3 knots, while the headwind was 13 knots. The enroute climb started approximately 1 mile northwest of Eringate-Centennial-West Deane, Ontario, Canada, where the aircraft climbed from 1,560 feet above sea level to 3,185 feet above sea level, an increase of 1,625 feet in 2 minutes, covering a distance of 7 nautical miles.

The enroute level cruise began 1 mile south of Clanton Park, Ontario, Canada, and lasted for 49 minutes, covering a distance of 44 nautical miles. The aircraft then encountered another enroute climb, this time overhead Niagara Falls International Airport in New York, United States, where it climbed from 2,015 feet above sea level to 2,601 feet above sea level, an increase of 586 feet in 2 minutes, covering a distance of 1 nautical mile.

The enroute level cruise resumed 1 mile southwest of Niagara Falls International Airport and lasted for 13 minutes, covering a distance of 17 nautical miles. The enroute descent started 2 miles west of Lackawanna, New York, United States, where the aircraft descended from 3,127 feet above sea level to 2,123 feet above sea level, a decrease of 1,004 feet in 2 minutes, covering a distance of 6 nautical miles.

The final approach to runway 05 at Buffalo Niagara International Airport was made from the southwest, heading 27.0 degrees at 3 nautical miles and 1,426 feet above ground level. The landing took place on runway 05, which had a length of 2,308 meters. The threshold height was excessively over target, while the threshold speed was excessively high.

The touchdown point was very long, using more than 50% of the available runway. The touchdown speed was 110 knots, which was too fast, and the touchdown rate was very hard at -564 feet per minute. The runway touchdown position was excessively misaligned by 80.0 meters from the centreline. The local weather conditions at the time of landing were 3°C temperature and a wind of 9 knots at 19 degrees, with a crosswind of 4 knots and a headwind of 9 knots.

The total landing distance was 1,371 meters, which accounted for 59% of the runway. The runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 64.1 meters from the centreline. The taxiing to the parking area from the runway took approximately 10 minutes and covered less than 1 nautical mile.

The total flight distance was 80 nautical miles, taking a total of 81 minutes, and the aircraft used 521 kilograms of fuel during the flight.

Flight map
Replay this flight in 3D The full flight path over the terrain with every stage, event and score along the route.
Takeoff report
Takeoff on runway 06L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport in the Cessna Citation CJ4
95.46 %
90 %
Taxi
Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 1 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Taxi Lights
0 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
100 %
30 15 0
Turn Speed
100 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
0 -0.5 -1
100 %
Takeoff Roll
Departure roll runway 06L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport. Takeoff distance 539 m 19 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 128 kt. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 13 kt at 33 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 13 kt.
Takeoff Distance
100 %
Roll distance of 1,769 ft using 18.86 % of runway
Liftoff Speed
100 %
Liftoff speed was 128 kn - Target 130 kn
Alignment
100 %
8.2 ft left to 4.0 ft right
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Strobe Lights
100 %
Switched On
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched On
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
130 65 0
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
3 0.5 -2
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000-110-100-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090100110 Runway Distance ft Runway Alignment to End of Runway ft
100 %
Climb 1
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
150 140 130
Bank °
100 %
2 1 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
9 5.5 2
Climb Rate fpm
Info
1,100 500 -100
95.39 %
Climb 2
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
160 150 140
Bank °
81.55 %
10 5.5 1
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
21 15 8
Climb Rate fpm
Info
4,100 2,550 1,000
91.9 %
Climb 3
Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 06L CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
Alignment
91.67 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
150 135 120
Bank °
68.97 %
14 7 0
G
97.71 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
24 18 12
Climb Rate fpm
Info
4,800 4,050 3,300
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0000186372558744930 Runway Distance ft Height at End of Runway ft
00.250.50100200300400500600700800900 Climb Distance NM Climb Profile to 1,000 ft
00.250.5-200-160-120-80-4004080120160200 Climb Distance NM Runway Alignment in (ft) to 1,000 ft
Landing report
Landing on runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport in the Cessna Citation CJ4
Landing Score 49.87 %
Landing Summary

The Cessna CJ4 Citation aircraft has landed at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport, but the landing was not without its issues. The final approach was conducted from the southwest, heading 27.0° at 3 nautical miles and 1,426 feet above ground level (agl). The aircraft touched down on runway 05, which has a length of 2,308 meters.

However, the landing was not executed perfectly. The threshold height at 118 feet agl was excessively over target, indicating that the aircraft was higher than it should have been at the point of touchdown. Additionally, the threshold speed was excessively high at 146 knots, which is faster than the recommended speed for landing. This excessive speed likely contributed to the hard touchdown rate.

The touchdown point was also very long, using more than 50% of the available runway. This suggests that the aircraft was not aligned properly with the runway centerline, and the pilot may have been struggling to maintain control during the landing. The touchdown speed of 110 knots was also too fast, which further exacerbated the hard touchdown rate of -564 feet per minute (fpm).

Furthermore, the runway touchdown position was excessively misaligned by 80 meters from the centerline, indicating a significant deviation from the intended path. This misalignment likely contributed to the long touchdown point and the hard touchdown rate. The local weather conditions at the time of the landing were not particularly challenging, with a temperature of 3°C and a wind of 9 knots at 19°.

The total landing distance was 1,371 meters, which is 59% of the available runway. This is a relatively long landing distance, indicating that the aircraft was not able to stop within the available runway length. The runway rollout alignment was also excessively misaligned by 64.1 meters from the centerline, further highlighting the issues with the landing.

Overall, the landing of the Cessna CJ4 Citation at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport was not executed perfectly, with issues related to threshold height, threshold speed, touchdown speed, touchdown rate, and runway alignment. These issues likely contributed to a hard landing and a long landing distance.

71.85 %
Final 4
Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 4 nm to 3 nm. Descent from 1,426 ft agl to 1,296 ft agl. A decrease of 130 ft in 12 seconds.
Glideslope
75.3 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
26.69 %
Poor heading alignment
Glideslope °
75.3 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
184 172 160
Alignment
26.69 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
32.95 %
28 15 2
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-558 -779 -1,000
33.253.53.7541,2501,3001,3501,400 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
33.253.53.754-6,080-4,560-3,040-1,52001,5203,0404,5606,080 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
76.09 %
Final 3
Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 3 nm to 2 nm. Descent from 1,274 ft agl to 888 ft agl. A decrease of 387 ft in 19 seconds.
Glideslope
50.74 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
39.08 %
Poor heading alignment
Glideslope °
50.74 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
169 164 160
Alignment
39.08 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
84.81 %
9 5 1
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-179 -989 -1,800
22.252.52.7538509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,2001,250 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
22.252.52.753-4,410-3,308-2,205-1,10301,1032,2053,3084,410 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
64.58 %
Final 2
Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 854 ft agl to 444 ft agl. A decrease of 410 ft in 19 seconds.
Glideslope
31.02 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
81.77 %
Good heading alignment
Glideslope °
31.02 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
175 163 150
Alignment
81.77 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
35.49 %
27 15 2
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
88 -1,656 -3,400
11.251.51.752500550600650700750800 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
11.251.51.752-1,470-1,103-735-36803687351,1031,470 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
78.87 %
Final 1
Approaching runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 403 ft agl to 124 ft agl. A decrease of 279 ft in 16 seconds.
Glideslope
35.38 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
94 %
Great heading alignment
Glideslope °
35.38 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
180 165 150
Alignment
94 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
66.39 %
16 8 0
G
97.14 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
821 -1,090 -3,000
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
12.14 %
Landing
Landing on runway 05 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport, runway length 2,308 m. Threshold height at 118 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 146 kt.
Height
0 %
Threshold height at 118 ft agl was excessively over target. Target 50 ft agl
Speed
0 %
Threshold speed was excessively high at 146 kt. Target 94 kt
Flare
0 %
Very poor landing flare
Centreline ft
0 %
100 0 -100
Bank °
71.41 %
14 7 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
146 123 100
Pitch °
Info
7 0 -7
Descent Rate fpm
Info
150 -625 -1,400
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,5004,750024477195118 Runway Distance ft Landing Height ft
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,5004,750-90-72-54-36-1801836547290 Runway Distance ft Runway Width ft
53.49 %
Touchdown
Touchdown point was very long using more than 50% of available runway. Touchdown speed at 110 kt was too fast. Touchdown rate was very hard at -564 fpm. Runway touchdown position was excessively misaligned by 80.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 9 kt at 19 °. Crosswind: 4 kt Headwind: 9 kt.
Touchdown
83.99 %
Touchdown rate was very hard at -577 fpm.
Speed
76.48 %
Touchdown speed at 110 kt was too fast. Target below 92 kn
Distance
0 %
Touchdown point was very long using more than 50% of available runway.
Alignment
0 %
Runway touchdown position was excessively misaligned by 262 ft from centreline.
Bank
24.99 %
Bank angle 1.8 °
G
78.86 %
G 1.04 g
Bounce
80 %
Bounce Detected
55 %
Rollout
Total landing distance 1,371 m, 59 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 64.1 m from centreline.
Distance
100 %
Landing distance 4,499 ft using 59.42 % of runway
Alignment
0 %
Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 210 ft from centreline.
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
IAS kt
Info
98 79 60
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
1 -0.5 -2
05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500 Runway Distance ft Runway Width ft
40.5 %
Taxi
Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 10 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched Off
Taxi Lights
70 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
0 %
30 15 0
Turn Speed
55 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
0 -1 -2
Metrics
Metrics

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