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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

82.04 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 32
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight991 kg
Fuel70 kg
Wind269° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross
25 Apr 2024 0:10 12 nm Cessna Skyhawk 6 kg
Departure Score
91.66 %
Enroute Score
90.62 %
Arrival Score
54.89 %

What went well

Touchdown 155 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 36 % of the runway used
Airborne in 739 m — 35 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Touchdown — bounce at touchdown; Speed at touchdown 88 kn at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -742 ft/m at 27 %, −4.10 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 47.96 m at 0 %, g force 0.93 to 1.82 g at 67 %, −4.02 points
Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 98 kn at 0 %, Landing and flare profile at 53 %, −3.85 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.0 0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.1 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl
Departure Roll 93.58Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 72 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
91 % Liftoff speed was 72 knTarget 62 kn
77 % Runway alignment max 16.69 m9.34 m left to 7.36 m right -1.04 -6.21 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.08 g 0.97 1.08 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.3 ° min to max 2.1 ° 0.3 2.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.2 2.0 °

Events

Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 90.88Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
93 % Heading variation 1.0 °0.5 ° min to max 1.7 ° 0.5 1.7 °
100 % Average speed 77 kn72 kn min to max 79 kn 72 76 kn
83 % Average bank angle 3.8 °0.1 ° min to max 8.6 ° 2.3 1.3 °
71 % Average g force 1.19 g0.95 g min to max 1.76 g 1.10 1.75 g
Info Average VSI 621 ft/m157 ft/m min to max 1,263 ft/m 157 1,263 ft/m
Info Average altitude 9 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 42 ft agl 0 42 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.4 °1.4 ° min to max 21.7 ° 2.2 21.7 °
Departure Climb 2 92.20Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99 % Heading variation 1.7 °0.2 ° min to max 2.1 ° 1.7 0.2 °
100 % Average speed 64 kn46 kn min to max 76 kn 76 46 kn
81 % Average bank angle 4.0 °1.5 ° min to max 9.2 ° 1.5 9.2 °
71 % Average g force 1.33 g0.57 g min to max 1.75 g 1.75 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 1,722 ft/m354 ft/m min to max 3,194 ft/m 1,325 1,048 ft/m
Info Average altitude 153 ft agl44 ft agl min to max 361 ft agl 44 361 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 22.4 °8.2 ° min to max 33.3 ° 22.2 17.1 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 319 ft agl · 58 kt
Enroute Climb 99.66Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,424 ft asl to 4,098 ft asl, an increase of 2,674 ft in 4 minutes and covering 6 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 80 kn44 kn min to max 96 kn 45 90 kn
100 % Average bank angle 3.2 °0.0 ° min to max 17.2 ° 9.8 0.9 °
97 % Average g force 1.00 g0.79 g min to max 1.31 g 0.84 0.98 g
Info Average VSI 626 ft/m-403 ft/m min to max 1,356 ft/m 1,041 593 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,210 ft asl1,424 ft asl min to max 4,098 ft asl 1,424 4,098 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.8 °-0.8 ° min to max 13.8 ° 13.8 3.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Descent 79.56Enroute descent started 1 mile north east of Cambridge (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 4,131 ft asl to 3,853 ft asl, a decrease of 277 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 113 kn90 kn min to max 142 kn 90 100 kn
64 % Average bank angle 39.3 °8.5 ° min to max 57.8 ° 8.5 56.8 °
38 % Average g force 1.50 g0.98 g min to max 2.34 g 0.98 1.53 g
Info Average VSI -387 ft/m-4,334 ft/m min to max 3,374 ft/m 456 3,256 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,855 ft asl3,504 ft asl min to max 4,149 ft asl 4,131 3,853 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -0.3 °-19.2 ° min to max 17.9 ° 2.9 15.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Climb 2 74.92Enroute climb started 2 miles north east of Cambridge (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 3,900 ft asl to 4,331 ft asl, an increase of 431 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 71 kn47 kn min to max 94 kn 94 63 kn
46 % Average bank angle 35.4 °0.9 ° min to max 66.8 ° 59.2 6.9 °
63 % Average g force 1.40 g0.52 g min to max 1.89 g 1.43 0.72 g
Info Average VSI 1,100 ft/m-544 ft/m min to max 2,954 ft/m 2,954 1,234 ft/m
Info Average altitude 4,090 ft asl3,900 ft asl min to max 4,331 ft asl 3,900 4,331 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 9.1 °-2.6 ° min to max 28.5 ° 14.8 5.3 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 99.71Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north east of Cambridge (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 4,449 ft asl4,299 ft asl min to max 4,642 ft asl 4,340 4,573 ft asl
100 % Average speed 87 kn64 kn min to max 110 kn 64 110 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.3 °0.3 ° min to max 7.7 ° 7.7 1.2 °
97 % Average g force 0.92 g0.70 g min to max 1.05 g 0.70 1.05 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °-7.0 ° min to max 6.2 ° 0.9 -1.9 °
Enroute Descent 2 99.26Enroute descent started 3 miles north of Cambridge (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 4,587 ft asl to 2,829 ft asl, a decrease of 1,757 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 95 kn79 kn min to max 116 kn 109 85 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.6 °0.3 ° min to max 14.3 ° 1.8 0.9 °
93 % Average g force 0.97 g0.62 g min to max 1.16 g 0.95 1.06 g
Info Average VSI -1,273 ft/m-2,037 ft/m min to max 192 ft/m 192 -1,653 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,698 ft asl2,829 ft asl min to max 4,587 ft asl 4,587 2,829 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -8.2 °-14.6 ° min to max -0.5 ° -0.5 -10.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 2,926 ft agl · 114 kt
Arrival 99.66Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles north of Cambridge (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 81 kn78 kn min to max 85 kn 85 85 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.2 °1.3 ° min to max 15.3 ° 5.8 6.3 °
98 % Average g force 0.94 g0.72 g min to max 1.02 g 0.99 0.91 g
Info Average VSI -1,712 ft/m-2,932 ft/m min to max -1,464 ft/m -1,513 -2,932 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,588 ft asl2,337 ft asl min to max 2,805 ft asl 2,805 2,337 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -11.1 °-19.7 ° min to max -8.2 ° -9.4 -19.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 63.17Approaching runway 32 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 1,253 ft agl to 37 ft agl. A decrease of 1,216 ft in 25 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
4 % Approach angle 6.5 °2.3 ° min to max 13.4 °Target 3.0 ° 13.4 2.3 °
100 % Average speed 100 kn88 kn min to max 104 kn 88 99 kn
58 % Heading variation 1.2 °0.5 ° min to max 1.6 ° 1.3 1.1 °
59 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.0 ° min to max 18.4 ° 5.6 0.6 °
90 % Average g force 1.20 g0.70 g min to max 1.42 g 0.99 1.30 g
Info Average VSI -2,584 ft/m-3,383 ft/m min to max -1,539 ft/m -3,129 -1,539 ft/m
Info Average altitude 343 ft agl37 ft agl min to max 1,253 ft agl 1,253 37 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -12.1 °-19.9 ° min to max -4.7 ° -19.3 -4.7 °
00.250.50.7510501001502002503003504004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,200Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-60-45-30-15015304560Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 53.85Landing on runway 32 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 1,242 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was excessively high at 98 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 98 kn. Target 63 kn
53 % Landing and flare profile
76 % Heading variation 0.9 °0.7 ° min to max 1.1 ° 1.1 0.7 °
95 % Average bank angle 1.5 °0.0 ° min to max 3.9 ° 0.7 3.9 °
97 % Average g force 1.05 g0.94 g min to max 1.30 g 1.30 1.08 g
Info Average speed 93 kn88 kn min to max 98 kn 98 88 kn
Info Average VSI -934 ft/m-1,500 ft/m min to max -742 ft/m -1,500 -742 ft/m
Info Average altitude 15 ft agl-2 ft agl min to max 33 ft agl 33 -2 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -4.2 °-4.7 ° min to max -3.6 ° -4.5 -3.6 °
07515001223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 50.79Touchdown distance was good at 154 m. Touchdown speed at 88 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was very heavy at -742 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 13.7 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 268 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
27 % Touchdown VSI was -742 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 154 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 88 knTarget 53 kn
61 % Runway alignment max 13.68 m9.95 m left 13.68 8.07 m
33 % Average bank angle 4.3 °1.3 ° min to max 7.3 ° 3.9 7.2 °
63 % Average g force 1.12 g0.67 g min to max 1.90 g 1.08 0.68 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 78 kn68 kn min to max 88 kn 88 68 kn
Info Average pitch angle 2.9 °-5.7 ° min to max 4.5 ° -3.6 -5.7 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 27 ft agl · 77 kt
Arrival Rollout 51.74Total landing distance 649 m, 52 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 48.0 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 649 m52 % of runway.
0 % Runway alignment max 47.96 m47.96 m left to 0.00 m left 9.23 47.96 m
67 % Average g force 1.08 g0.93 g min to max 1.82 g 1.82 1.01 g
Info Average speed 52 kn32 kn min to max 66 kn 66 32 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-2.4 ° min to max 3.1 ° -0.9 0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 1.9 °0.0 ° min to max 6.9 ° 6.9 0.7 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 8 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 19 kn12 kn min to max 25 kn 25 12 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-0.4 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -0.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.4 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.5 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 72 kt with 2.2° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030035°18°0°LIFTOFF2.2° off20° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff548 m 72 kt 2.2° 22.0 s
35 ft761 m · 5.0 s after liftoff 77 kt 20.4° 27.0 s
End of the climb1,168 m · 361 ft 46 kt 17.1° 40.8 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Taxi lightsFail
Off
Takeoff roll100.00
739m35 %
Liftoff speed90.83
72kt
Runway alignment77.08
9.34m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb90.88
621fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 361 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,170 m of runway left; then climbing at 1,150 fpm on average to 361 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 72 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 194 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 9.4 m at the widest, and lifted off 6.2 m right. Airborne 34 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 9.41 m LROLL 194 M INAirborne 742 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 742 m of 2,124 m · 35 %
Behind the start of the roll, 194 mTakeoff roll, 548 m Left ahead, 1,383 m

The approach to CYKF 32

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 3.7 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 2,420 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

1,0002,0003,0004,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND3,4262,8582,2731,671910
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 591 m left of the centreline at 3.7 nm.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND564 m L557 m L442 m L228 m L22 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 32

Over the threshold

Threshold height74.13
33ft
Threshold speed0.00
98kt
Centreline offset76.40
0.33m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
155m
Centreline61.26
13.68m L
Speed0.00
87kt
Touchdown rate27.17
-742fpm
Impact62.86
1.90G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, 4° of bank.

Wind 269° at 1 kt · 1 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,242 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 33 ft, 17 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 155 m in, 150 m short of the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,242 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

33 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −741 fpm · −3.6° nose down · 88 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 33 ft, down at 155 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink stayed between 620 fpm and 850 fpm from 36 ft to the runway. The nose came up 0.9° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−5°2°10°touchdown−741 fpm at touchdown−3.6° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 1,242 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 8.1 m left of the centreline and drifted to 14 m left on the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 155 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 155 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.90 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 451 m of 1,242 m · 36 %
In the air over the runway, 155 mRollout, 296 m Left over, 791 m
Rollout distance100.00
296m36 % used
Rollout alignment0.00
47.96m L

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