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EGPE
Inverness, Scotland
Runway 23
Elevation26 ft asl
Weight1,096 kg
Fuel114 kg
Wind270° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

93.90 %
EGPE
Inverness, Scotland
Runway 23
Elevation26 ft asl
Weight1,094 kg
Fuel111 kg
Wind270° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross
11 Dec 2025 0:07 7 nm Cessna C182 3 kg
Departure Score
91.72 %
Pattern Score
93.24 %
Arrival Score
96.75 %

What went well

Touched down at -88 fpm — a soft arrival
Straight touchdown — 1.68 m off the centreline, no bounce
Flare on profile — 91 %

What held you back

Departure Roll — Landing Lights at 0 %, Strobe Lights at 0 %, −1.61 points
Pattern Downwind Turn — Angle to runway (45 degrees) 72.2 ° at 11 %, −1.27 points
Departure Climb 2 — scored 90.00 %, −1.11 points

Next time

Departure

Ease the nose up sooner to lift off at 61 kt instead of letting speed build on the ground.

What happened: The aircraft lifted off at 74 kt, 13 kt above the target liftoff speed.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 61 kt at liftoff

See Departure Roll

A typical trainer rotates in the mid-50s of knots - a 172 at around 55 KIAS, climbing out at a Vy in the low 70s, though check your own POH rather than memorising Cessna's numbers - and the transferable rule is that Vr sits just above the stall speed in takeoff configuration. Rotate early because "it felt ready" and the aircraft lifts off inside ground effect, where induced drag is reduced, then climbs out of it into more drag. On a marginal-performance day the result is an aircraft that lifts off and then refuses to climb, sagging back towards the runway.

Read more in Improve Your Take-Offs

Start to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport, Average speed was 0 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 0 kt0 kt min to max 0 kt 0 0 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.6 °2.6 ° min to max 2.6 ° 2.6 2.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 0.98 g0.98 g min to max 0.98 g 0.98 0.98 g
Departure Roll 85.50Departure roll runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport. Takeoff distance 386 m 21 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 74 kt. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 2 kt at 269 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 386 m21 % of runway
78 % Liftoff speed was 74 ktTarget 61 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 2.99 m right0.00 m left to 2.99 m right -0.29 -2.98 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.09 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 2.2 °1.8 ° min to max 4.3 ° 2.7 4.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.2 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.4 0.7 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Fail Strobe Lights
Info Parking Brake Off 4 ft agl · 2 kt
Departure Climb 1 99.65Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
100 % Average speed 82 kt74 kt min to max 88 kt 74 88 kt
99 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.0 ° min to max 2.5 ° 0.7 2.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.98 g min to max 1.10 g 1.10 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 421 fpm273 fpm min to max 616 fpm 273 616 fpm
Info Average altitude 22 ft agl1 ft agl min to max 51 ft agl 1 51 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.2 °4.4 ° min to max 6.2 ° 4.4 6.2 °
Departure Climb 2 90.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 23 EGPE Inverness Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 92 kt88 kt min to max 99 kt 88 99 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.9 °0.1 ° min to max 4.8 ° 2.6 4.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.91 g min to max 1.05 g 1.01 0.94 g
Info Average VSI 795 fpm621 fpm min to max 1,330 fpm 621 1,080 fpm
Info Average altitude 103 ft agl52 ft agl min to max 327 ft agl 52 327 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 6.6 °6.1 ° min to max 8.7 ° 6.2 6.1 °
Pattern Entry 100.00Right hand pattern entry from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 30 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 103 kt100 kt min to max 106 kt 100 106 kt
100 % Average bank angle 11.4 °6.0 ° min to max 13.8 ° 6.0 13.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.07 g 0.99 1.05 g
Info Average VSI 830 fpm276 fpm min to max 1,116 fpm 1,008 276 fpm
Info Average altitude 586 ft agl347 ft agl min to max 766 ft agl 347 766 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °2.5 ° min to max 6.3 ° 6.1 3.0 °
Pattern Crosswind 100.00Right hand pattern crosswind from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 12 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading 0.7 °-15.4 ° min to max 20.4 ° -15.4 20.4 °
100 % Average speed 108 kt106 kt min to max 109 kt 106 109 kt
100 % Average g force 1.06 g0.98 g min to max 1.12 g 1.05 1.07 g
Info Average VSI 357 fpm174 fpm min to max 570 fpm 289 562 fpm
Info Average altitude 800 ft agl771 ft agl min to max 846 ft agl 771 846 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 17.5 °15.1 ° min to max 18.8 ° 15.1 18.6 °
Info Average pitch angle 3.1 °1.8 ° min to max 4.1 ° 3.1 4.1 °
Pattern Downwind Turn 73.31Pattern Downwind Turn. Distance was 1 nm. Angle to the runway's far end 72.2 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
11 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 72.2 °.
100 % Average speed 109 kt106 kt min to max 114 kt 109 114 kt
100 % Average bank angle 17.3 °15.0 ° min to max 19.0 ° 18.7 16.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.88 g min to max 1.12 g 1.12 1.12 g
Info Average VSI 338 fpm-197 fpm min to max 861 fpm 605 -197 fpm
Info Average altitude 927 ft agl856 ft agl min to max 951 ft agl 856 937 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.5 °-0.8 ° min to max 6.0 ° 5.0 0.2 °
Pattern Downwind 97.03Pattern Downwind Leg. Distance was 2 nm in 82 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
90 % Heading 6.5 °-14.8 ° min to max 20.7 ° -14.8 20.7 °
100 % Average altitude 967 ft agl916 ft agl min to max 994 ft agl 936 916 ft agl
100 % Average speed 103 kt81 kt min to max 119 kt 115 82 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.83 g min to max 1.17 g 1.17 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -18 fpm-500 fpm min to max 237 fpm -93 -462 fpm
Info Average bank angle 2.7 °0.0 ° min to max 16.2 ° 16.2 7.0 °
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-1.7 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.4 -1.2 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 1,004 ft agl · 98 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 896 ft agl · 87 kt
Pattern Base Leg Turn 82.32Pattern Base Leg Turn. Distance was 2 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 25.3 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
41 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 25.3 °.
100 % Average speed 82 kt81 kt min to max 83 kt 82 83 kt
100 % Average bank angle 8.1 °7.4 ° min to max 9.0 ° 7.7 7.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.04 g 1.04 1.01 g
Info Average VSI -433 fpm-503 fpm min to max -376 fpm -449 -427 fpm
Info Average altitude 813 ft agl721 ft agl min to max 908 ft agl 908 721 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.2 ° min to max -0.5 ° -0.5 -0.9 °
Pattern Base Leg 100.00Pattern Base Leg. Distance was less than 1 nm in 17 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading -3.0 °-18.6 ° min to max 16.7 ° -18.6 16.7 °
100 % Average speed 83 kt83 kt min to max 84 kt 83 84 kt
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.96 g min to max 1.02 g 1.01 1.02 g
Info Average altitude 643 ft agl570 ft agl min to max 714 ft agl 714 570 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 10.1 °7.1 ° min to max 12.4 ° 7.1 12.4 °
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-1.5 ° min to max -0.6 ° -0.7 -1.5 °
Pattern Final Turn 100.00Pattern Final Turn. Distance was less than 1 nm in 26 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 83 kt80 kt min to max 85 kt 84 80 kt
100 % Average bank angle 13.8 °9.0 ° min to max 16.0 ° 12.5 9.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.98 g min to max 1.07 g 1.02 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -327 fpm-545 fpm min to max -115 fpm -543 -135 fpm
Info Average altitude 471 ft agl418 ft agl min to max 561 ft agl 561 418 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-1.9 ° min to max 2.0 ° -1.7 1.0 °
Arrival Final 2 96.46Approaching runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 409 ft agl to 280 ft agl. A decrease of 129 ft in 22 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 2.6 °2.6 ° min to max 2.7 °Target 3.0 ° 2.7 2.6 °
100 % Average speed 75 kt74 kt min to max 79 kt 79 74 kt
73 % Heading variation 3.2 °0.8 ° min to max 5.5 ° 5.5 0.8 °
96 % Average bank angle 2.9 °0.3 ° min to max 4.6 ° 3.4 4.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.92 g min to max 1.08 g 1.00 1.01 g
Info Average VSI -334 fpm-411 fpm min to max -189 fpm -256 -298 fpm
Info Average altitude 348 ft agl280 ft agl min to max 409 ft agl 409 280 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-0.9 ° min to max 1.3 ° 0.1 0.4 °
11.251.51.752200250300350400450500550Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-420-315-210-1050105210315420Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Final 1 99.93Approaching runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 275 ft agl to 35 ft agl. A decrease of 241 ft in 39 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 2.4 °2.0 ° min to max 2.9 °Target 3.0 ° 2.6 2.0 °
100 % Average speed 78 kt72 kt min to max 79 kt 74 79 kt
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.4 -0.0 °
99.7 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 3.3 ° 2.6 1.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.93 g min to max 1.05 g 1.01 1.05 g
Info Average VSI -409 fpm-497 fpm min to max -86 fpm -294 -416 fpm
Info Average altitude 90 ft agl35 ft agl min to max 275 ft agl 275 35 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.1 °-1.7 ° min to max 2.4 ° 0.5 -0.6 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-40-30-20-10010203040Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 89.17Landing on runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport, runway length 1,814 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was excessively high at 79 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
65 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 79 kt. Target 60 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
91 % Great landing flare
100 % Runway alignment max 0.03 m right0.01 m right to 0.03 m right -0.02 -0.02 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 1.8 ° 1.7 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.94 g min to max 1.05 g 1.05 0.97 g
Info Average speed 71 kt58 kt min to max 79 kt 79 58 kt
Info Average VSI -141 fpm-413 fpm min to max -20 fpm -413 -60 fpm
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl-3 ft agl min to max 26 ft agl 26 -3 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.0 °-0.6 ° min to max 4.7 ° -0.6 4.3 °
07515022530037545052560001123344657Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 98.68Touchdown point was 98 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 58 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was excellent at -60 fpm. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 2 kt at 270 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown rate was -60 fpm.
91 % Touchdown distance was 538 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 58 ktTarget below 58 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 1.68 m right1.61 m right -1.59 -1.68 m
100 % Average bank angle 1.1 °0.7 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.9 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.97 g min to max 1.15 g 0.97 1.02 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 58 kt57 kt min to max 58 kt 58 57 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.7 °3.3 ° min to max 4.3 ° 4.3 3.3 °
Arrival Rollout 99.51Total landing distance 839 m, 46 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 839 m46 % of runway.
99 % Runway alignment max 3.35 m right0.00 m left to 3.35 m right -1.70 -2.60 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.07 g 1.07 1.00 g
Info Average speed 51 kt34 kt min to max 56 kt 56 34 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.3 °1.2 ° min to max 3.6 ° 3.3 1.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.1 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 4 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 4 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 4 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 4 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 4 ft agl
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 26 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 24 kt0 kt min to max 55 kt 30 55 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.7 °0.1 ° min to max 2.5 ° 0.8 2.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.2 0.3 °
Info Average g force 0.99 g0.96 g min to max 1.02 g 0.99 0.96 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 4 ft agl · 2 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 4 ft agl · 2 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 74 kt with 3.1° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

120 kt8040020°10°0°LIFTOFF3.1° off6° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 9 kt 2.5° 0 s
Liftoff355 m · target 61 74 kt 3.1° 17.6 s
35 ft602 m · 6.1 s after liftoff 86 kt 6.0° 23.6 s
End of the climb1,463 m · 327 ft 99 kt 6.1° 42.1 s

Takeoff from EGPE 23

Takeoff roll100.00
411m23 %
Liftoff speed77.51
74kttarget 61, 13 fast
Runway alignment100.00
2.99m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb99.65
423fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 327 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,178 m of runway left; then climbing at 800 fpm on average to 327 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 74 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 1,814 m runway.

Rolled from 34 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 2.8 m at the widest, and lifted off 2.8 m right. Airborne 21 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS1 kn75 %widest 2.84 m RROLL 34 M INAirborne 389 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 389 m of 1,814 m · 21 %
Behind the start of the roll, 34 mTakeoff roll, 355 m Left ahead, 1,425 m

The circuit to EGPE 23

Right-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 1.1 nm out at 106 kt

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING1234crosswinddownwindbase90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKcircuit height 1,000 ftturn crosswind from 500 ft17°119°29°316°4distance flown →
HeightBankA turnCircuit height ±50 ft30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
678 ft
Bank
17°
Speed
103 kt

Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.

2Onto downwind
Bank
19°
Height
967 ft on 1,000 ft
Speed
103 kt
Out
1.2 nm 1.1 suits 106 kt

Turn onto downwind: scored 11.

The 45-degrees-behind-the-wing cue assumes you can turn your head and use peripheral vision. Downwind spacing cues like "put the wingtip halfway up the strut" assume a fixed, known eyepoint. Neither survives a monitor unmodified. If you fly on a fixed monitor, stop pretending and fly a numbers-based circuit.

Read more in Pattern Work
3Base turn
Angle
25° target 45°
Bank
9°
Height
900 ft

Late: turned base with the threshold 25° behind, against 45°.

The stopwatch. From abeam the threshold, fly roughly 30 to 45 seconds before turning base, in nil wind at 172 speeds. Treat that as a starting value and calibrate it. If your finals keep coming out at 400 ft instead of 500, add a few seconds. Then adjust for wind, roughly a second per knot of headwind on final (a headwind on final is a tailwind on downwind, carrying you further from the field per second).

Read more in Pattern Work
4Final turn
Bank
16°
Overshoot
401 m
Speed
83 kt

Overshot: went 401 m through the centreline turning final.

Overshooting final. A tailwind component on base sweeps you through the extended centreline, the instinctive correction is to steepen the bank and, when that's not enough, to skid the turn with rudder. In a real aircraft this is the base-to-final stall-spin scenario that kills people. The sim under-punishes it, because a spring yoke transmits no lightening of control force, there's no buffet through your hands, and no seat-of-the-pants sensation of the skid. You get the numbers of the skidded turn without the feel of it. The correct response is the same in both worlds and needs practising until it's reflexive. Don't steepen past 30 degrees, and if you've blown through the centreline, go around and reset.

Read more in Pattern Work
Entry100Crosswind100Turn onto downwind73Downwind97Base turn82Base100Final turn100

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate for a circuit: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate is an instrument-approach check and does not apply.

Five checks, one gate500 ft
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate
On glideslope
On speed

Still turning onto final at the lower gate, so the centreline and wings level are not asked there - the aeroplane was not lined up yet, and was banked because it was turning. The other checks are marked as usual.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: gear up all the way, banked until 1.3 nm, left of the centreline until 0.8 nm, fast from 0.2 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to EGPE 23

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 1.7 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 120 ft below the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND315191500 ft gate5 of 5450 ft · 83 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 401 m left of the centreline at 1.7 nm, then inside the band from 0.8 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND111 m L0 m R355 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 33 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 20 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Inside the speed band from 1.7 nm, where the final began, to 0.2 nm, then fast to the threshold (up to +13 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

6080100120 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 66+8 kt+8 kt+13 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on EGPE 23

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
26ft
Threshold speed65.29
78kttarget 66, 12 fast
Centreline offset100.00
0.03m R

Touchdown

Past threshold91.22
538m
Centreline100.00
1.68m R
Speed100.00
58kttarget 63 or less
Touchdown rate100.00
-88fpm
Impact100.00
1.15G
BouncesOk
None
The flare91.40

Great landing flare

The crosswind

Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 2° right of the track, wings level.

Wind 270° at 2 kt · 2 kt head · 1 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 57 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 14 s, an average deceleration of 0.10 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608030 kt · 319 mtouchdown332 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 26 ft, 24 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 538 m in, 233 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

26 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −88 fpm · 4.3° nose up · 58 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 26 ft, down at 538 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 400 fpm at 26 ft to 90 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 4.9° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−1°4°10°touchdown−88 fpm at touchdown4.3° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 1,814 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 1.7 m right of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 3.2 m right at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 1 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 538 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 538 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 823 m of 1,814 m · 45 %
In the air over the runway, 538 mRollout, 285 m Left over, 991 m
Rollout distance100.00
285m45 % used
Rollout alignment98.90
3.35m R

The rest of the report

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Flight narrative

The flight began with a departure roll from runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport. The Cessna C182 aircraft required a takeoff distance of 386 meters, which is 21% of the runway length. The liftoff speed was achieved at 74 knots. At the time of departure, the local weather conditions were characterized by a temperature of 15°C and a wind speed of 2 knots from a direction of 269°. This resulted in a crosswind of 1 knot and a headwind of 2 knots.

As the aircraft entered the right-hand pattern from runway 23, it covered a distance of less than 1 nautical mile in 30 seconds. The right-hand pattern crosswind leg was completed in less than 1 nautical mile in 12 seconds. The pattern downwind turn was made at an angle of 72.2° to the runway, covering a distance of 1 nautical mile. The downwind leg itself was 2 nautical miles long and took 82 seconds to complete.

The pattern base leg turn was made at an angle of 25.3° to the runway, covering a distance of 2 nautical miles. The base leg was less than 1 nautical mile long and took 17 seconds to complete. The final turn was also less than 1 nautical mile in length and took 26 seconds to complete. The aircraft then began its final approach to runway 23 from the north-east, heading 250° at 1 nautical mile and 409 feet above ground level.

The landing on runway 23 was characterized by a threshold height that was considered good. However, the threshold speed was excessively high at 79 knots. The touchdown point was 97 meters beyond the touchdown zone, and the touchdown speed was a little fast at 58 knots. The touchdown rate was excellent at -60 feet per minute, and the runway touchdown alignment was very good.

The local weather conditions at the time of landing were similar to those at departure, with a temperature of 16°C and a wind speed of 2 knots from a direction of 270°. This resulted in a crosswind of 1 knot and a headwind of 2 knots. The total landing distance was 839 meters, which is 46% of the runway length. The runway rollout alignment was also very good.

In conclusion, the flight was completed with a total distance of 7 nautical miles, taking 7 minutes to complete. The aircraft used 3 kilograms of fuel during the flight. Overall, the flight was executed smoothly, with good weather conditions and a well-executed landing.

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