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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Know your rotation speed
See Departure Roll
A typical trainer rotates in the mid-50s of knots - a 172 at around 55 KIAS, climbing out at a Vy in the low 70s, though check your own POH rather than memorising Cessna's numbers - and the transferable rule is that Vr sits just above the stall speed in takeoff configuration. Rotate early because "it felt ready" and the aircraft lifts off inside ground effect, where induced drag is reduced, then climbs out of it into more drag. On a marginal-performance day the result is an aircraft that lifts off and then refuses to climb, sagging back towards the runway.
Read more in Improve Your Take-OffsStart to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Lifted off at 126 kt with 2.2° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 995 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft with 489 m of runway left; then climbing at 2,100 fpm on average to 995 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Plan view the roll down the 1,230 m runway.
Rolled from 33 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 4.4 m at the widest, and lifted off 2.3 m right. Airborne 38 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
The final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3.2° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 3.1 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 410 ft above the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3.2° here, which is about 340 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 60 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 581 m right of the centreline at 3.1 nm, then inside it from 1.3 to 0.7 nm, then 26 m right of it from 0.7 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 78 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 48 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band from 3.1 nm, where the final began, to 2.5 nm, then fast to the threshold (up to +72 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
5 kt across from the left, which takes about 3° of crab to hold the centreline at 108 kt. Touched down with 2° of it still on, wings level.
Wind 020° at 7 kt · 5 kt head · 5 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 103 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 26 s, an average deceleration of 0.15 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 43 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 222 m in, 83 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 950 fpm at 42 ft to 280 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 2.9° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,795 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 2.6 m right of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 3.7 m right at the widest.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
The 222 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.30 G arrival bounced.
The rest of the report
The flight began with a departure roll from runway 36 at EDFB Reichelsheim Airfield, where the aircraft, a PC21, took off with a takeoff distance of 445 meters, which was 36% of the runway. The liftoff speed was 126 knots. At the time of departure, the local weather conditions were characterized by a temperature of 9 degrees Celsius and a wind speed of 8 knots from a direction of 356 degrees, resulting in a headwind of 8 knots.
As the aircraft climbed, it started its enroute climb overhead Reichelsheim, Hessen, Germany, and ascended from an altitude of 1,464 feet above sea level to 2,893 feet above sea level, an increase of 1,429 feet in just 1 minute, covering a distance of 4 nautical miles. The enroute level cruise then began 1 mile south west of Wolfersheim, Hessen, Germany, and lasted for 5 minutes, during which the aircraft covered a distance of 22 nautical miles.
The enroute descent started 1 mile south east of Kriftel, Hessen, Germany, and the aircraft descended from an altitude of 2,730 feet above sea level to 1,476 feet above sea level, a decrease of 1,254 feet in 2 minutes, covering a distance of 3 nautical miles. The final approach to runway 07L at EDDF Frankfurt Airport was made from the south west, with the aircraft heading at 54.0 degrees at a distance of 2 nautical miles and an altitude of 1,122 feet above ground level.
The landing on runway 07L at EDDF Frankfurt Airport was successful, with the aircraft touching down on the runway at a distance of 222 meters, which was good. The touchdown speed was 108 knots, which was fast, and the touchdown rate was fair at -276 feet per minute. However, the runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 3.6 meters from the centerline. The local weather conditions at the time of landing were characterized by a temperature of 8 degrees Celsius and a wind speed of 7 knots from a direction of 20 degrees, resulting in a crosswind of 6 knots and a headwind of 5 knots.
The total landing distance was 1,103 meters, which was 39% of the runway. The runway rollout alignment was very good. The total flight distance was 33 nautical miles, and the flight used 29 kilograms of fuel.
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