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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

90.56 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 32
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight993 kg
Fuel72 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross
26 Mar 2024 0:08 6 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
94.05 %
Enroute Score
97.58 %
Arrival Score
73.45 %

What went well

Touchdown 289 m in — inside the full-score zone
Airborne in 645 m — 30 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Touchdown — bank angle up to 8.9 ° at 14 %, Speed at touchdown 74 kn at 23 %, −4.10 points
Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 91 kn at 17 %, g force 0.95 to 1.57 g at 82 %, −3.32 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 6.6 ° at 71 %, bank angle up to 10.9 ° at 79 %, −1.43 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 12 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Departure Roll 89.78Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 62 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 62 knTarget 62 kn
49 % Runway alignment max 18.11 m17.07 m left to 1.04 m right -1.04 12.51 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.06 g 1.00 1.06 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °0.1 ° min to max 3.0 ° 0.3 3.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 3.2 ° 0.2 3.2 °
Departure Climb 1 96.75Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99 % Heading variation -0.7 °-1.1 ° min to max -0.2 ° -1.1 -0.2 °
100 % Average speed 64 kn62 kn min to max 65 kn 62 65 kn
88 % Average bank angle 4.0 °0.0 ° min to max 6.5 ° 3.5 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g0.80 g min to max 1.21 g 1.08 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 638 ft/m370 ft/m min to max 745 ft/m 370 663 ft/m
Info Average altitude 19 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 44 ft agl 0 44 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.5 °3.3 ° min to max 10.0 ° 3.3 7.5 °
Departure Climb 2 98.24Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.4 °-0.2 ° min to max 1.6 ° -0.2 1.6 °
100 % Average speed 67 kn62 kn min to max 78 kn 65 66 kn
94 % Average bank angle 2.5 °0.3 ° min to max 4.2 ° 0.7 3.5 °
97 % Average g force 1.00 g0.69 g min to max 1.24 g 0.99 0.88 g
Info Average VSI 729 ft/m-240 ft/m min to max 1,603 ft/m 662 1,104 ft/m
Info Average altitude 110 ft agl44 ft agl min to max 380 ft agl 44 380 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.9 °-0.6 ° min to max 14.0 ° 7.5 8.0 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 187 ft agl · 73 kt
Departure Climb 3 95.48Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.4 °-0.4 ° min to max 1.6 ° 1.6 -0.1 °
100 % Average speed 69 kn54 kn min to max 78 kn 66 54 kn
77 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.0 ° min to max 10.6 ° 2.6 10.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.81 g min to max 1.18 g 0.87 0.97 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 870 ft/m168 ft/m min to max 1,690 ft/m 892 1,066 ft/m
Info Average altitude 644 ft agl393 ft agl min to max 977 ft agl 393 977 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.4 °2.3 ° min to max 14.8 ° 6.2 11.5 °
Enroute Climb 96.34Enroute climb started 1 mile south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,040 ft asl to 3,647 ft asl, an increase of 1,607 ft in 2 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 79 kn28 kn min to max 113 kn 53 87 kn
100 % Average bank angle 12.1 °0.2 ° min to max 33.1 ° 14.2 1.6 °
63 % Average g force 1.05 g0.39 g min to max 1.89 g 0.92 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 542 ft/m-4,470 ft/m min to max 3,353 ft/m 992 1,597 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,512 ft asl1,904 ft asl min to max 3,647 ft asl 2,040 3,647 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.8 °-35.3 ° min to max 36.0 ° 9.0 7.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Stall Warning Activated 1,202 ft agl · 56 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 1,285 ft agl · 42 kt
Enroute Level 96.39Enroute level cruise started 3 miles south of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 1 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99.6 % Average altitude 3,739 ft asl3,629 ft asl min to max 4,008 ft asl 3,773 3,792 ft asl
100 % Average speed 102 kn75 kn min to max 119 kn 78 107 kn
93 % Average bank angle 25.1 °1.3 ° min to max 43.4 ° 9.2 2.0 °
92 % Average g force 1.15 g0.80 g min to max 1.39 g 0.94 1.12 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.7 °-7.0 ° min to max 9.6 ° 9.6 -4.6 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 3 miles south of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,780 ft asl to 2,813 ft asl, a decrease of 967 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 99 kn90 kn min to max 107 kn 106 93 kn
100 % Average bank angle 10.6 °0.5 ° min to max 21.3 ° 0.9 7.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.90 g min to max 1.15 g 0.98 1.03 g
Info Average VSI -1,162 ft/m-1,754 ft/m min to max 293 ft/m 293 -1,294 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,271 ft asl2,813 ft asl min to max 3,780 ft asl 3,780 2,813 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -6.5 °-10.5 ° min to max -1.0 ° -1.0 -6.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 1,826 ft agl · 102 kt
Arrival 99.89Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles south of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 87 kn78 kn min to max 92 kn 92 90 kn
100 % Average bank angle 9.1 °0.2 ° min to max 23.2 ° 5.8 16.0 °
99 % Average g force 0.99 g0.74 g min to max 1.26 g 1.07 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -1,902 ft/m-2,879 ft/m min to max -490 ft/m -1,248 -2,210 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,178 ft asl1,452 ft asl min to max 2,792 ft asl 2,792 1,452 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -11.8 °-18.2 ° min to max -1.6 ° -5.9 -13.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 87.15Approaching runway 32 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 344 ft agl to 73 ft agl. A decrease of 272 ft in 7 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
71 % Approach angle 6.6 °4.3 ° min to max 9.4 °Target 3.0 ° 9.4 4.3 °
100 % Average speed 91 kn90 kn min to max 92 kn 90 91 kn
88 % Heading variation 0.5 °0.4 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.8 0.4 °
79 % Average bank angle 4.8 °1.1 ° min to max 10.9 ° 4.9 1.7 °
96 % Average g force 1.10 g0.96 g min to max 1.32 g 0.96 1.32 g
Info Average VSI -2,275 ft/m-2,444 ft/m min to max -1,986 ft/m -2,349 -1,986 ft/m
Info Average altitude 178 ft agl73 ft agl min to max 344 ft agl 344 73 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -12.0 °-14.6 ° min to max -7.2 ° -14.5 -7.2 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-30-23-15-7.507.5152330Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 70.13Landing on runway 32 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 1,242 m. Threshold height at 64 ft agl was above target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 91 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
17 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 91 kn. Target 63 kn
92 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.4 0.3 °
89 % Average bank angle 2.6 °0.0 ° min to max 6.4 ° 1.7 4.4 °
82 % Average g force 1.07 g0.95 g min to max 1.57 g 1.55 1.21 g
Info Average speed 82 kn74 kn min to max 91 kn 91 74 kn
Info Average VSI -828 ft/m-1,825 ft/m min to max -570 ft/m -1,825 -602 ft/m
Info Average altitude 29 ft agl-2 ft agl min to max 64 ft agl 64 -2 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.3 °-5.0 ° min to max -1.0 ° -4.8 -1.0 °
07515022530001326385164Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 63.07Touchdown distance was good at 279 m. Touchdown speed at 74 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was heavy at -602 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 6.1 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 269 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
42 % Touchdown VSI was -602 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 279 mTarget 457 m
23 % Speed at touchdown 74 knTarget 53 kn
89 % Runway alignment max 6.08 m5.52 m left 4.39 5.07 m
14 % Average bank angle 4.8 °0.1 ° min to max 8.9 ° 4.4 1.6 °
78 % Average g force 1.07 g0.72 g min to max 1.64 g 1.21 1.17 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 68 kn60 kn min to max 74 kn 74 60 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-5.8 ° min to max 3.5 ° -1.0 0.7 °

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 62 kt with 3.3° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF3.3° off7° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0306090 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff451 m 62 kt 3.3° 20.9 s
35 ft576 m · 3.4 s after liftoff 65 kt 7.2° 24.3 s
End of Climb 33,140 m · 977 ft 54 kt 11.5° 91 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
645m30 %
Liftoff speed100.00
62kt
Runway alignment48.89
17.07m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb96.75
637fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 977 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,353 m of runway left; then climbing at 840 fpm on average to 977 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 62 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 195 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 17 m at the widest, and lifted off 13 m left. Airborne 30 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 17.13 m LROLL 195 M INAirborne 647 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 647 m of 2,124 m · 30 %
Behind the start of the roll, 195 mTakeoff roll, 451 m Left ahead, 1,478 m

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 32

Over the threshold

Threshold height79.78
64ft
Threshold speed16.70
90kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.12m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
289m
Centreline88.93
6.08m L
Speed23.36
74kt
Touchdown rate41.87
-602fpm
Impact77.71
1.64G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 1° left of the track, 4° of bank.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,242 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 64 ft, 14 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 289 m in, close to the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,242 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

64 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −602 fpm · −1° nose down · 74 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 64 ft, down at 289 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 1,290 fpm at 66 ft to 600 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 3.8° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−750−1,500−5°2°10°touchdown−602 fpm at touchdown−1° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 1,242 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 5.1 m left of the centreline.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 289 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 289 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 602 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 289 m of 1,242 m · 23 %
In the air over the runway, 289 mRollout, 0 m Left over, 953 m

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