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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

90.31 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 08
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel71 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross
2 Apr 2024 0:08 9 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
96.78 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
67.68 %

What went well

Rollout controlled — 35 % of the runway used
Rollout held the centreline — 0.69 m off at taxi speed
Airborne in 685 m — 32 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 100 kn at 0 %, Landing and flare profile at 0 %, −6.28 points
Arrival Touchdown — bounce at touchdown; Speed at touchdown 86 kn at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -404 ft/m at 63 %, −2.72 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 8.2 ° at 0 %, −1.78 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 0.99 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.0 1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl
Departure Roll 98.21Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 69 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 69 knTarget 62 kn
91 % Runway alignment max 8.87 m3.36 m left to 5.50 m right -1.04 -0.48 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.09 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.3 ° min to max 2.8 ° 0.3 2.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.2 0.4 °
Departure Climb 1 97.58Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.1 °
100 % Average speed 71 kn69 kn min to max 73 kn 69 73 kn
92 % Average bank angle 3.2 °0.5 ° min to max 4.9 ° 0.5 4.3 °
95 % Average g force 1.03 g0.80 g min to max 1.34 g 1.12 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 559 ft/m406 ft/m min to max 655 ft/m 406 424 ft/m
Info Average altitude 22 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 42 ft agl 0 42 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.7 °3.3 ° min to max 8.1 ° 3.3 4.5 °
Departure Climb 2 98.26Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
94 % Heading variation 0.9 °0.3 ° min to max 2.5 ° 0.3 2.5 °
100 % Average speed 75 kn72 kn min to max 82 kn 75 82 kn
99.8 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 2.1 ° 1.3 0.1 °
99 % Average g force 1.05 g0.85 g min to max 1.27 g 1.27 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 788 ft/m322 ft/m min to max 1,076 ft/m 575 529 ft/m
Info Average altitude 146 ft agl59 ft agl min to max 377 ft agl 59 377 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.9 °2.9 ° min to max 10.0 ° 8.6 3.7 °

Events

Info Bounce during liftoff 204 ft agl · 79 kt
Departure Climb 3 99.87Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 2.9 °2.6 ° min to max 3.1 ° 2.6 3.1 °
100 % Average speed 93 kn82 kn min to max 101 kn 82 101 kn
99 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° 0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.87 g min to max 1.10 g 1.10 1.04 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 503 ft/m174 ft/m min to max 949 ft/m 550 344 ft/m
Info Average altitude 719 ft agl386 ft agl min to max 983 ft agl 386 983 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.1 °1.2 ° min to max 7.4 ° 5.0 2.3 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 2 miles south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,036 ft asl to 2,780 ft asl, an increase of 744 ft in 2 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 101 kn98 kn min to max 105 kn 101 101 kn
100 % Average bank angle 3.2 °0.0 ° min to max 20.9 ° 0.2 16.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.83 g min to max 1.10 g 1.04 1.09 g
Info Average VSI 477 ft/m205 ft/m min to max 754 ft/m 414 512 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,405 ft asl2,036 ft asl min to max 2,780 ft asl 2,036 2,780 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 2.2 °-0.1 ° min to max 4.1 ° 2.6 1.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted less than 1 minute. , covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 2,824 ft asl2,788 ft asl min to max 2,908 ft asl 2,788 2,908 ft asl
100 % Average speed 104 kn101 kn min to max 108 kn 101 102 kn
100 % Average bank angle 16.8 °13.7 ° min to max 20.0 ° 16.6 15.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.90 g min to max 1.22 g 0.93 1.01 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.5 °-0.8 ° min to max 4.9 ° 1.8 2.3 °
Enroute Climb 2 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile north east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,922 ft asl to 3,194 ft asl, an increase of 272 ft in 1 minutes and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 101 kn98 kn min to max 105 kn 101 104 kn
100 % Average bank angle 13.0 °4.1 ° min to max 18.0 ° 17.1 4.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.83 g min to max 1.23 g 1.10 0.94 g
Info Average VSI 483 ft/m-179 ft/m min to max 1,172 ft/m 439 200 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,011 ft asl2,922 ft asl min to max 3,194 ft asl 2,922 3,194 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °-2.3 ° min to max 4.5 ° 3.0 0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 2 miles south east of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,143 ft asl to 2,888 ft asl, a decrease of 256 ft in 1 minutes and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 112 kn107 kn min to max 116 kn 110 107 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.6 °1.1 ° min to max 19.2 ° 7.8 7.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.83 g min to max 1.15 g 1.09 0.95 g
Info Average VSI -383 ft/m-948 ft/m min to max 178 ft/m -431 -360 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,016 ft asl2,888 ft asl min to max 3,143 ft asl 3,143 2,888 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.6 °-6.2 ° min to max 0.9 ° -1.2 -2.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 100.00Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 2 miles south east of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 104 kn100 kn min to max 108 kn 106 102 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.8 °0.0 ° min to max 12.4 ° 8.9 2.4 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.81 g min to max 1.17 g 0.93 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -1,049 ft/m-1,638 ft/m min to max -482 ft/m -482 -1,638 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,464 ft asl1,901 ft asl min to max 2,879 ft asl 2,879 1,901 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -5.7 °-9.8 ° min to max -2.4 ° -3.1 -9.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 78.70Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 842 ft agl to 176 ft agl. A decrease of 667 ft in 26 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Approach angle 8.2 °8.0 ° min to max 8.6 °Target 3.0 ° 8.1 8.6 °
100 % Average speed 104 kn101 kn min to max 106 kn 103 101 kn
96 % Heading variation 0.2 °-0.5 ° min to max 0.6 ° -0.5 0.4 °
97 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.5 ° min to max 4.0 ° 1.3 2.0 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.85 g min to max 1.10 g 0.96 0.91 g
Info Average VSI -1,539 ft/m-1,824 ft/m min to max -1,194 ft/m -1,704 -1,340 ft/m
Info Average altitude 505 ft agl176 ft agl min to max 842 ft agl 842 176 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -8.1 °-10.0 ° min to max -6.1 ° -10.0 -7.8 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-70-53-35-18018355370Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 24.65Landing on runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Threshold height at 142 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 100 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 100 kn. Target 63 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.1 °
99 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.0 ° min to max 2.5 ° 2.3 0.4 °
95 % Average g force 1.07 g0.91 g min to max 1.33 g 0.99 0.92 g
Info Average speed 94 kn86 kn min to max 100 kn 100 86 kn
Info Average VSI -761 ft/m-1,429 ft/m min to max -206 ft/m -1,429 -404 ft/m
Info Average altitude 22 ft agl-5 ft agl min to max 142 ft agl 142 -5 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-7.7 ° min to max 0.5 ° -7.7 -2.9 °
0751502253003754505256000285785113142Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 67.39Touchdown point was 406 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 86 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was hard at -404 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 3.2 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 269 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
63 % Touchdown VSI was -404 ft/m.
89 % Touchdown distance was 555 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 86 knTarget 53 kn
99 % Runway alignment max 3.20 m1.80 m left 3.20 0.02 m
99 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.4 0.4 °
73 % Average g force 1.02 g0.78 g min to max 1.73 g 0.92 0.91 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 79 kn68 kn min to max 86 kn 86 68 kn
Info Average pitch angle 2.0 °-2.9 ° min to max 6.9 ° -2.9 1.3 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 12 ft agl · 81 kt
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 1,059 m, 50 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,059 m50 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 0.69 m0.00 m left to 0.69 m right -0.04 -0.69 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.91 g min to max 1.13 g 1.13 1.01 g
Info Average speed 63 kn47 kn min to max 74 kn 74 47 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.4 °0.5 ° min to max 3.5 ° 3.5 0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.4 0.2 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 10 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 22 kn9 kn min to max 34 kn 34 9 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.2 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 69 kt with 3.3° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

120 kt8040020°10°0°LIFTOFF3.3° off4° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0306090120 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff496 m 69 kt 3.3° 21.4 s
35 ft631 m · 3.4 s after liftoff 72 kt 3.9° 24.8 s
End of Climb 35,507 m · 983 ft 101 kt 2.3° 127 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
685m32 %
Liftoff speed100.00
69kt
Runway alignment91.04
5.50m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb97.58
558fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 983 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 35 ft with 1,301 m of runway left; then climbing at 560 fpm on average to 983 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 69 ktSCALE CHANGES3.6 km past the runway
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 192 m in, drifted 5.4 m right of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 32 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 5.41 m RROLL 192 M INAirborne 688 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 688 m of 2,124 m · 32 %
Behind the start of the roll, 192 mTakeoff roll, 496 m Left ahead, 1,437 m

The approach to CYKF 08

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 2.7 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,020 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND1,6791,369974585
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 1,168 m left of the centreline at 2.7 nm, then drifted 109 m right between 1.5 and 0.7 nm, then back inside it from 0.7 to 0.4 nm, then 28 m left of it from 0.4 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND355 m L74 m R79 m R16 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 08

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
141ft
Threshold speed0.00
100kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.09m L

Touchdown

Past threshold88.00
567m
Centreline99.44
3.20m L
Speed0.00
86kt
Touchdown rate62.71
-416fpm
Impact72.57
1.73G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 141 ft, 91 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 567 m in, 262 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

141 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −404 fpm · −2.9° nose down · 86 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 141 ft, down at 567 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 1,420 fpm at 101 ft to 400 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 4.5° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−1,250−2,500−8°1°10°touchdown−404 fpm at touchdown−2.9° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 3.2 m left at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 567 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 567 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The 1.73 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 763 m of 2,124 m · 36 %
In the air over the runway, 567 mRollout, 196 m Left over, 1,362 m
Rollout distance100.00
196m35 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
0.69m R

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