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KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 32
Elevation699 ft asl
Weight12,076 lbs
Fuel924 lbs
Wind290° · 19 kn · 6 kn cross

Flight Score

89.21 %
CYYZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 33L
Elevation545 ft asl
Weight11,614 lbs
Fuel429 lbs
Wind310° · 29 kn · 3 kn cross
22 Mar 2025 0:38 60 nm Cessna CJ4 Citation 495 lbs
Departure Score
88.89 %
Enroute Score
97.88 %
Arrival Score
80.85 %

What went well

Touched down at -163 fpm — a soft arrival
1.22 G at touchdown — inside band

What held you back

Departure Roll — Liftoff speed was 196 kt at 0 %, Runway alignment max 20.91 m at 53 %, −2.34 points
Arrival Taxi — taxi lights; peak speed in a turn 27 kt at 0 %, peak taxi speed 29 kt at 75 %, −2.22 points
Arrival Rollout — bounce at touchdown; Runway alignment max 27.67 m at 10 %, −1.68 points
Arrival Touchdown — Touchdown distance was 1,160 m at 0 %, Runway alignment max 16.68 m at 50 %, −1.09 points

Top opportunity

Shorten the long landing

Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 19 stages, 17 scored

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 12 kt0 kt min to max 18 kt 2 11 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 12 ktmax 14 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -1.8 °-2.1 ° min to max -1.5 ° -2.0 -2.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.3 0.2 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 2 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 2 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 2 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 2 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 1 2 ft agl
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 2 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Average speed was 10 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 7 kt0 kt min to max 11 kt 9 11 kt
Info Average pitch angle -2.2 °-2.8 ° min to max -2.0 ° -2.2 -2.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.1 0.1 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Navigation Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl
Departure Roll 64.96Departure roll runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Takeoff distance 1,528 m 82 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 196 kt. Local weather - Temperature 7 °C. Wind 21 kt at 290 °. Crosswind: 6 kt Headwind: 20 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
72 % Takeoff distance 1,528 m82 % of runway
0 % Liftoff speed was 196 ktTarget 130 kt
53 % Runway alignment max 20.91 m4.96 m left to 15.95 m right 2.04 -11.70 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.91 g min to max 1.10 g 1.00 1.10 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -2.3 °-3.1 ° min to max -1.0 ° -2.2 -1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 2.1 ° 0.0 2.1 °
Departure Climb 1 98.12Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
100 % Average speed 197 kt195 kt min to max 199 kt 197 195 kt
94 % Average bank angle 3.1 °2.4 ° min to max 4.2 ° 2.4 4.2 °
95 % Average g force 1.53 g1.34 g min to max 1.66 g 1.34 1.39 g
Info Average VSI 1,043 fpm542 fpm min to max 1,530 fpm 542 1,530 fpm
Info Average altitude 19 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 47 ft agl 0 47 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.9 °0.5 ° min to max 6.1 ° 0.5 6.1 °
Departure Climb 2 95.03Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.2 0.5 °
100 % Average speed 197 kt190 kt min to max 200 kt 195 190 kt
80 % Average bank angle 5.3 °4.2 ° min to max 9.6 ° 4.2 9.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.31 g1.21 g min to max 1.37 g 1.37 1.21 g
Info Average VSI 2,294 fpm1,574 fpm min to max 4,537 fpm 1,574 4,537 fpm
Info Average altitude 105 ft agl49 ft agl min to max 364 ft agl 49 364 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.8 °6.2 ° min to max 14.1 ° 6.2 14.1 °
Departure Climb 3 86.37Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 1.4 °0.9 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.9 2.0 °
100 % Average speed 178 kt170 kt min to max 188 kt 188 170 kt
82 % Average bank angle 6.1 °3.1 ° min to max 8.9 ° 8.9 3.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.90 g0.72 g min to max 1.23 g 1.23 0.72 g
0 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 4,907 fpm4,118 fpm min to max 5,369 fpm 4,967 4,118 fpm
Info Average altitude 706 ft agl450 ft agl min to max 936 ft agl 450 936 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 13.7 °10.5 ° min to max 15.8 ° 15.5 10.5 °

Events

Fail Gear Not Retracted
Enroute Climb 96.83Enroute climb started overhead Williamsville (New York, United States). Climbing from 1,698 ft asl to 4,637 ft asl, an increase of 2,938 ft in 4 minutes and covering 13 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
92 % Average speed 230 kt166 kt min to max 272 kt 170 239 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.0 ° min to max 11.0 ° 1.7 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.76 g min to max 1.29 g 0.81 0.97 g
Info Average VSI 885 fpm-870 fpm min to max 3,695 fpm 3,695 -870 fpm
Info Average altitude 2,694 ft asl1,698 ft asl min to max 4,771 ft asl 1,698 4,637 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 1.3 °-2.6 ° min to max 9.2 ° 9.2 -2.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 2,374 ft agl
Fail Overspeed Warning Activated 1,806 ft agl · 268 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 1,115 ft agl · 168 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 1,254 ft agl · 188 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 1,254 ft agl · 188 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 1,263 ft agl · 194 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 1,446 ft agl · 216 kt
Info Overspeed Warning Deactivated 2,065 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 2,430 ft agl · 258 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 3,162 ft agl · 242 kt
Enroute Descent 94.69Enroute descent started 2 miles east of Niagara Falls (New York, United States). Descent from 4,490 ft asl to 3,846 ft asl, a decrease of 644 ft in 2 minutes and covering 7 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
87 % Average speed 253 kt246 kt min to max 258 kt 246 246 kt
100 % Average bank angle 5.9 °0.2 ° min to max 12.4 ° 0.8 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.92 g min to max 1.13 g 1.00 1.01 g
Info Average VSI -539 fpm-921 fpm min to max 28 fpm -809 -8 fpm
Info Average altitude 4,146 ft asl3,846 ft asl min to max 4,490 ft asl 4,490 3,846 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -1.6 °-2.6 ° min to max -0.4 ° -2.4 -0.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Exceeded 250 kn below 10000 ft 4,131 ft agl
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles south east of CYSN Niagara District Airport Niagara-on-the-Lake (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 6 minutes, covering 22 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 3,819 ft asl3,805 ft asl min to max 3,845 ft asl 3,845 3,811 ft asl
100 % Average speed 247 kt240 kt min to max 249 kt 245 245 kt
100 % Average bank angle 16.8 °0.0 ° min to max 33.6 ° 0.1 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g0.87 g min to max 1.20 g 0.98 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-0.8 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.4 -0.3 °
Enroute Descent 2 100.00Enroute descent started 7 miles south east of New Toronto (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,812 ft asl to 1,173 ft asl, a decrease of 2,640 ft in 4 minutes and covering 10 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 136 kt112 kt min to max 246 kt 245 121 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.0 ° min to max 10.0 ° 0.1 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.93 g min to max 1.21 g 1.00 1.07 g
Info Average VSI -728 fpm-1,021 fpm min to max 153 fpm 4 -351 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,984 ft asl1,173 ft asl min to max 3,813 ft asl 3,812 1,173 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-4.5 ° min to max 0.4 ° -0.3 0.0 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 996 ft agl · 120 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3,414 ft agl · 252 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 2,502 ft agl · 167 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2,507 ft agl · 162 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 1,882 ft agl · 121 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 1,882 ft agl · 121 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 1,467 ft agl · 121 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,467 ft agl · 121 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 1,168 ft agl · 122 kt
Arrival Final 4 100.00Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 4 nm to 3 nm. Descent from 624 ft agl to 485 ft agl. A decrease of 139 ft in 36 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 1.4 °1.4 ° min to max 1.5 °Target 3.0 ° 1.5 1.5 °
100 % Average speed 119 kt116 kt min to max 123 kt 123 119 kt
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° 0.7 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -230 fpm-451 fpm min to max 2 fpm -271 -16 fpm
Info Average altitude 537 ft agl485 ft agl min to max 624 ft agl 624 485 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-1.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° -0.3 -0.1 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Enroute Descent 2 996 ft agl · 120 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 634 ft agl · 116 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 597 ft agl · 118 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 641 ft agl · 115 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 605 ft agl · 116 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 622 ft agl · 118 kt
33.253.53.7544004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,2001,2501,3001,3501,4001,4501,500Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft33.253.53.754-350-263-175-88088175263350Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 3 100.00Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 3 nm to 2 nm. Descent from 483 ft agl to 453 ft agl. A decrease of 30 ft in 48 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 1.8 °1.5 ° min to max 2.5 °Target 3.0 ° 1.5 2.5 °
100 % Average speed 125 kt119 kt min to max 130 kt 120 120 kt
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.1 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.0 ° min to max 2.8 ° 0.5 2.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.80 g min to max 1.17 g 0.98 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -40 fpm-408 fpm min to max 371 fpm -63 31 fpm
Info Average altitude 432 ft agl392 ft agl min to max 483 ft agl 483 453 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-1.8 ° min to max 1.8 ° -0.0 1.0 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 611 ft agl · 123 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 461 ft agl · 126 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 443 ft agl · 125 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 481 ft agl · 126 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 456 ft agl · 126 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 444 ft agl · 125 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 447 ft agl · 126 kt
22.252.52.7533003504004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,100Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft22.252.52.753-290-218-145-73073145218290Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 2 100.00Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 452 ft agl to 273 ft agl. A decrease of 179 ft in 23 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 2.6 °2.5 ° min to max 2.7 °Target 3.0 ° 2.5 2.5 °
100 % Average speed 124 kt118 kt min to max 128 kt 118 128 kt
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
100 % Average bank angle 1.3 °0.3 ° min to max 2.4 ° 2.3 1.3 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.90 g min to max 1.07 g 0.95 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -427 fpm-828 fpm min to max -20 fpm -20 -828 fpm
Info Average altitude 368 ft agl273 ft agl min to max 452 ft agl 452 273 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.6 °-4.1 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.5 -3.9 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 488 ft agl · 118 kt
11.251.51.752200250300350400450500550600Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-200-150-100-50050100150200Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 1 97.80Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 248 ft agl to 52 ft agl. A decrease of 196 ft in 31 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 2.7 °2.4 ° min to max 3.0 °Target 3.0 ° 2.4 2.6 °
100 % Average speed 116 kt113 kt min to max 128 kt 128 113 kt
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.3 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 -0.3 °
89 % Average bank angle 3.5 °0.0 ° min to max 7.6 ° 0.8 5.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.80 g min to max 1.13 g 1.07 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -401 fpm-784 fpm min to max 52 fpm -696 -492 fpm
Info Average altitude 100 ft agl52 ft agl min to max 248 ft agl 248 52 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-3.9 ° min to max 0.8 ° -1.9 -0.7 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Final 2 488 ft agl · 118 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 249 ft agl · 124 kt
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 68.71Landing on runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport, runway length 2,408 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was too high at 113 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
83 % Threshold speed was too high at 113 kt. Target 93 kt
100 % Target 50 ft agl
0 % Landing and flare profile
88 % Heading variation -0.5 °-0.8 ° min to max -0.3 ° -0.3 -0.8 °
93 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.0 ° min to max 5.2 ° 5.2 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.89 g min to max 1.15 g 0.98 1.01 g
Info Average speed 110 kt101 kt min to max 114 kt 113 101 kt
Info Average VSI -97 fpm-523 fpm min to max 156 fpm -505 -162 fpm
Info Average altitude 18 ft agl8 ft agl min to max 47 ft agl 47 8 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.3 °-1.0 ° min to max 2.3 ° -0.5 1.1 °

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 15 ft agl · 112 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 15 ft agl · 112 kt
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,50001123344557Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,500-110-88-66-44-22022446688110Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 73.91Touchdown point was 726 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 101 kt was fast. Touchdown rate was good at -162 fpm. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 16.7 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 0 °C. Wind 29 kt at 310 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 28 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
98 % Touchdown VSI was -162 fpm.
0 % Touchdown distance was 1,160 mTarget 457 m
99 % Speed at touchdown 101 ktTarget below 91 kt
50 % Runway alignment max 16.68 m16.49 m right -16.68 -16.36 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.6 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.10 g1.01 g min to max 1.22 g 1.01 1.05 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 101 kt101 kt min to max 101 kt 101 101 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.0 °1.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 1.1 1.0 °
Arrival Rollout 59.61Total landing distance 1,732 m, 72 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was misaligned by 27.7 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,732 m72 % of runway.
10 % Runway alignment max 27.67 m0.00 m left to 27.67 m right -16.35 -27.67 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.96 g min to max 1.08 g 1.03 1.01 g
Info Average speed 69 kt39 kt min to max 74 kt 74 39 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °-2.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.1 -1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.4 0.4 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 3 ft agl · 90 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 49 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 22 kt9 kt min to max 36 kt 34 9 kt
Info Average pitch angle -2.0 °-2.4 ° min to max -1.5 ° -1.9 -2.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.2 0.4 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.01 g 0.98 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 2 ft agl · 41 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl · 38 kt
Arrival Taxi 46.78Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 22 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
75 % Average speed 15 kt0 kt min to max 29 kt 7 3 kt
0 % Average speed turning corners 19 ktmax 27 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -1.9 °-2.5 ° min to max -1.3 ° -2.1 -1.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.4 0.3 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 2 ft agl · 19 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 17 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 17 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched Off 2 ft agl · 20 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 3 kt

Takeoff

OkTaxi lightsSet
71.88Takeoff roll5,012 ft · 82 %
0.00Liftoff speed195 kt · target 130, 65 fast
52.96Runway alignment52.3 ft R
OkBounce on takeoffNone
98.12Rate of climb1,042 fpm

Landing

The threshold, the flare and the hold-off. The approach that led to it is the stabilisation gates below.

100.00Threshold height47 ft
82.57Threshold speed113 kt · target 93, 20 fast
87.60Centreline offset0.8 ft R

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out.

Five checks, one gate500 ft
Gear down
Sink rate
On glideslope
On centreline
On speed

Touchdown on CYYZ 33L

Past threshold0.00
3,822ft
Centreline50.32
53.7ft R
Speed99.46
100kttarget 90, 10 fast
Touchdown rate97.86
-163fpm
Impact100.00
1.22G
Bounces80.00
1

Side view — the last 6,021 ft of the approach.

47 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft 80 ft400 Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 47 ft, down at 3,822 ft

Plan view — the first 6,021 ft of the 7,901 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000 THRESHOLD CROSS 6 kn FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 3,822 ft past threshold CLEARED

Touched down 3,822 ft past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 5,621 ft of 7,901 ft · 71 %
Rollout distance100.00
1,799ft71 % used
Rollout alignment10.24
90.8ft R

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The flight began with a taxiing period from the parking to the runway, which took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nautical mile. The aircraft, a Cessna CJ4 Citation, then departed from runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport. The takeoff distance was 1,528 meters, which accounted for 82% of the runway. The liftoff speed was 196 knots.

The local weather conditions at the time of departure were a temperature of 7 degrees Celsius, with a wind speed of 21 knots at 290 degrees. This resulted in a crosswind of 6 knots and a headwind of 20 knots. The aircraft then began its enroute climb, starting overhead Williamsville, New York. The climb took 4 minutes and covered 13 nautical miles, with the aircraft rising from 1,698 feet above sea level to 4,637 feet above sea level, an increase of 2,938 feet.

The enroute descent started 2 miles east of Niagara Falls, New York, and took 2 minutes to descend from 4,490 feet above sea level to 3,846 feet above sea level, a decrease of 644 feet. The aircraft then covered 7 nautical miles during this descent. The enroute level cruise started 2 miles south east of CYSN Niagara District Airport Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, and lasted 6 minutes, covering 22 nautical miles.

The enroute descent started 7 miles south east of New Toronto, Ontario, and took 4 minutes to descend from 3,812 feet above sea level to 1,173 feet above sea level, a decrease of 2,640 feet. The aircraft covered 10 nautical miles during this descent. The final approach to runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport was made from the south east, heading 316.0 degrees at 4 nautical miles and 624 feet above ground level.

The landing on runway 33L was made with a runway length of 2,408 meters. The threshold height was good, but the threshold speed was too high at 113 knots. The touchdown point was 726 meters beyond the touchdown zone, and the touchdown speed was 101 knots, which was fast. The touchdown rate was good at -162 feet per minute. However, the runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 16.7 meters from the centreline.

The local weather conditions at the time of landing were a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius, with a wind speed of 29 knots at 310 degrees. This resulted in a crosswind of 3 knots and a headwind of 28 knots. The total landing distance was 1,732 meters, which accounted for 72% of the runway. The runway rollout alignment was misaligned by 27.7 meters from the centreline. The taxiing period from the runway to the parking took 22 minutes and covered less than 1 nautical mile.

The total flight distance was 60 nautical miles, and the flight took 38 minutes. The aircraft used 225 kilograms of fuel during the flight.

Flight map
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Takeoff report
Takeoff on runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport in the Cessna Citation CJ4
88.89 %
100 %
Taxi
Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Taxi Lights
100 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
100 %
30 15 0
Turn Speed
100 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
0 -1 -2
64.96 %
Takeoff Roll
Departure roll runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Takeoff distance 1,528 m 82 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 196 kt. Local weather - Temperature 7 °C. Wind 21 kt at 290 °. Crosswind: 6 kt Headwind: 20 kt.
Takeoff Distance
30.45 %
Roll distance of 5,012 ft using 82.03 % of runway
Liftoff Speed
0 %
Liftoff speed was 196 kn - Target 130 kn
Alignment
52.96 %
16.3 ft left to 52.3 ft right
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Strobe Lights
100 %
Switched On
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched On
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
200 110 20
Bank °
Info
3 1.5 0
Pitch °
Info
0 -1.5 -3
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090 Runway Distance ft Runway Alignment to End of Runway ft
98.12 %
Climb 1
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
200 195 190
Bank °
94.32 %
5 3.5 2
G
95.43 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
7 3.5 0
Climb Rate fpm
Info
1,600 750 -100
95.03 %
Climb 2
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
210 200 190
Bank °
80.11 %
10 7 4
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
15 11 6
Climb Rate fpm
Info
4,600 3,000 1,400
86.37 %
Climb 3
Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
190 180 170
Bank °
81.84 %
9 6 3
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
16 13 10
Climb Rate fpm
Info
5,400 4,700 4,000
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0000510152025 Runway Distance ft Height at End of Runway ft
00.250.50100200300400500600700800 Climb Distance NM Climb Profile to 1,000 ft
00.250.5-200-160-120-80-4004080120160200 Climb Distance NM Runway Alignment in (ft) to 1,000 ft
Landing report
Landing on runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport in the Cessna Citation CJ4
Landing Score 75.01 %
Landing Summary

The Cessna CJ4 Citation aircraft successfully landed on runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport, but with some notable areas for improvement. The aircraft was approaching the runway from the southeast, heading 316.0° at 4 nautical miles and 624 feet above ground level. The landing was executed with a good threshold height, but the threshold speed was too high at 113 knots, indicating that the pilot may have been able to slow down more efficiently before touchdown.

Upon touchdown, the aircraft landed 726 meters beyond the touchdown zone, which is a significant distance. The touchdown speed of 101 knots was also faster than ideal, suggesting that the pilot may have been able to flare the aircraft more effectively to reduce the touchdown speed. However, the touchdown rate of -162 feet per minute was good, indicating that the pilot was able to control the descent of the aircraft effectively.

One of the most notable issues with the landing was the significant misalignment of the runway touchdown position, which was 16.7 meters off-centerline. This suggests that the pilot may have been struggling to maintain a straight course during the final approach. Additionally, the runway rollout alignment was also misaligned by 27.7 meters from centerline, which could have contributed to the overall misalignment of the landing.

The local weather conditions at the time of the landing were relatively calm, with a temperature of 0°C and a wind speed of 29 knots from 310°. The crosswind component was minimal at 3 knots, but the headwind component was significant at 28 knots. Despite these conditions, the pilot was able to maintain control of the aircraft and execute a safe landing, but there is room for improvement in terms of precision and control.

100 %
Final 4
Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 4 nm to 3 nm. Descent from 624 ft agl to 485 ft agl. A decrease of 139 ft in 36 seconds.
Glideslope
100 %
Excellent glideslope alignment
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
100 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
123 117 110
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
100 %
2 1 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
2.2 -249 -500
33.253.53.7544004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,2001,2501,3001,3501,4001,4501,500 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
33.253.53.754-350-263-175-88088175263350 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
100 %
Final 3
Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 3 nm to 2 nm. Descent from 483 ft agl to 453 ft agl. A decrease of 30 ft in 48 seconds.
Glideslope
100 %
Excellent glideslope alignment
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
100 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
130 120 110
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
100 %
3 1.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
371 -65 -500
22.252.52.7533003504004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,100 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
22.252.52.753-290-218-145-73073145218290 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
100 %
Final 2
Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 452 ft agl to 273 ft agl. A decrease of 179 ft in 23 seconds.
Glideslope
100 %
Excellent glideslope alignment
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
100 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
128 119 110
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
100 %
3 1.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-20 -460 -900
11.251.51.752200250300350400450500550600 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
11.251.51.752-200-150-100-50050100150200 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
97.8 %
Final 1
Approaching runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 248 ft agl to 52 ft agl. A decrease of 196 ft in 31 seconds.
Glideslope
100 %
Excellent glideslope alignment
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
100 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
128 119 110
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
89.01 %
8 4 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
52 -374 -800
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment ft
68.71 %
Landing
Landing on runway 33L at CYYZ Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport, runway length 2,408 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was too high at 113 kt.
Height
100 %
Good threshold height. Target 50 ft agl
Speed
82.57 %
Threshold speed was too high at 113 kt. Target 93 kt
Flare
0 %
Very poor landing flare
Centreline ft
87.6 %
100 0 -100
Bank °
93.05 %
6 3 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
114 107 100
Pitch °
Info
3 1 -1
Descent Rate fpm
Info
156 -222 -600
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,50001123344557 Runway Distance ft Landing Height ft
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,0003,2503,5003,7504,0004,2504,500-110-88-66-44-22022446688110 Runway Distance ft Runway Width ft
73.91 %
Touchdown
Touchdown point was 726 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 101 kt was fast. Touchdown rate was good at -162 fpm. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 16.7 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 0 °C. Wind 29 kt at 310 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 28 kt.
Touchdown
97.86 %
Touchdown rate was good at -163 fpm.
Speed
99.46 %
Touchdown speed at 101 kt was fast. Target below 91 kn
Distance
0 %
Touchdown point was 2,383 ft beyond the touchdown zone.
Alignment
50.32 %
Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 55 ft from centreline.
Bank
100 %
Bank angle 0.5 °
G
100 %
G 1.10 g
Bounce
80 %
Bounce Detected
59.61 %
Rollout
Total landing distance 1,732 m, 72 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was misaligned by 27.7 m from centreline.
Distance
100 %
Landing distance 5,682 ft using 71.91 % of runway
Alignment
10.24 %
Runway rollout alignment was misaligned by 91 ft from centreline.
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
IAS kt
Info
101 80 60
Bank °
Info
2 1 0
Pitch °
Info
2 0.5 -1
05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,500 Runway Distance ft Runway Width ft
46.78 %
Taxi
Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 22 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched Off
Taxi Lights
33 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
75.33 %
30 15 0
Turn Speed
0 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
0 -1 -2
Metrics
Metrics

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