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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

83.40 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 08
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight993 kg
Fuel64 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn
27 Mar 2024 0:16 6 nm Cessna Skyhawk 11 kg
Departure Score
95.60 %
Enroute Score
98.75 %
Arrival Score
44.85 %

What went well

Touchdown 489 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 43 % of the runway used
Airborne in 1,063 m — 50 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 133 kn at 0 %, Landing and flare profile at 0 %, −6.71 points
Arrival Touchdown — Touchdown VSI was -1,132 ft/m at 0 %, Speed at touchdown 119 kn at 0 %, −4.99 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 68.82 m at 0 %, −3.75 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 14 kn0 kn min to max 20 kn 0 20 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-0.3 ° min to max 0.5 ° -0.3 0.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.2 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Roll 90.50Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 86 m 4 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 66 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 86 m4 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 66 knTarget 62 kn
52 % Runway alignment max 16.08 m16.08 m left to 0.00 m left 0.90 10.58 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.05 g 1.00 1.05 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° 0.4 2.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.2 0.7 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.5 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.5 ° -0.6 -0.5 °
100 % Average speed 70 kn66 kn min to max 71 kn 66 71 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.5 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.7 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.09 g1.04 g min to max 1.24 g 1.05 1.04 g
Info Average VSI 584 ft/m339 ft/m min to max 823 ft/m 339 823 ft/m
Info Average altitude 14 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 42 ft agl 0 42 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 6.0 °2.3 ° min to max 9.2 ° 2.3 8.9 °
Departure Climb 2 99.49Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.5 °-1.2 ° min to max -0.3 ° -0.5 -1.2 °
100 % Average speed 68 kn58 kn min to max 71 kn 71 59 kn
98 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.1 ° min to max 2.8 ° 0.9 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.88 g min to max 1.09 g 1.03 1.08 g
Info Average VSI 950 ft/m552 ft/m min to max 1,249 ft/m 834 866 ft/m
Info Average altitude 113 ft agl43 ft agl min to max 374 ft agl 43 374 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.8 °6.8 ° min to max 13.6 ° 8.9 12.2 °
Departure Climb 3 97.98Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -2.0 °-2.6 ° min to max -1.5 ° -1.5 -2.6 °
100 % Average speed 57 kn52 kn min to max 58 kn 58 52 kn
90 % Average bank angle 3.0 °0.2 ° min to max 5.8 ° 0.2 4.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.87 g min to max 1.12 g 0.87 0.90 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 1,034 ft/m801 ft/m min to max 1,322 ft/m 984 1,236 ft/m
Info Average altitude 448 ft agl392 ft agl min to max 516 ft agl 392 516 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 12.3 °8.8 ° min to max 16.0 ° 9.5 13.9 °
Enroute Climb 99.43Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,574 ft asl to 3,888 ft asl, an increase of 2,314 ft in 4 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 85 kn50 kn min to max 109 kn 51 109 kn
100 % Average bank angle 7.6 °0.0 ° min to max 33.2 ° 3.0 5.4 °
94 % Average g force 1.02 g0.65 g min to max 1.33 g 0.92 1.13 g
Info Average VSI 682 ft/m-1,210 ft/m min to max 2,063 ft/m 1,113 -1,210 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,576 ft asl1,574 ft asl min to max 3,927 ft asl 1,574 3,888 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.3 °-7.5 ° min to max 13.4 ° 13.4 -7.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Landing Gear Down 1,062 ft agl · 98 kt
Enroute Descent 98.07Enroute descent started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,862 ft asl to 2,885 ft asl, a decrease of 977 ft in 1 minutes and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 110 kn96 kn min to max 144 kn 111 144 kn
96 % Average bank angle 16.7 °1.8 ° min to max 42.1 ° 1.8 4.3 °
98 % Average g force 1.03 g0.83 g min to max 1.29 g 1.27 0.92 g
Info Average VSI -536 ft/m-3,903 ft/m min to max 1,217 ft/m -735 -3,903 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,800 ft asl2,885 ft asl min to max 4,011 ft asl 3,862 2,885 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.5 °-18.7 ° min to max 7.3 ° -1.8 -18.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 99.89Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 145 kn144 kn min to max 147 kn 147 144 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.7 °0.1 ° min to max 15.6 ° 2.3 15.6 °
99 % Average g force 1.03 g0.92 g min to max 1.26 g 1.06 1.26 g
Info Average VSI -3,754 ft/m-3,865 ft/m min to max -3,584 ft/m -3,865 -3,584 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,664 ft asl2,512 ft asl min to max 2,821 ft asl 2,821 2,512 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -16.5 °-17.2 ° min to max -15.1 ° -17.1 -15.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 64.86Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 1,428 ft agl to 207 ft agl. A decrease of 1,221 ft in 20 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
18 % Approach angle 12.3 °10.7 ° min to max 13.9 °Target 3.0 ° 13.5 11.3 °
100 % Average speed 140 kn135 kn min to max 144 kn 144 135 kn
50 % Heading variation 1.3 °0.6 ° min to max 1.7 ° 0.6 1.6 °
66 % Average bank angle 4.4 °0.4 ° min to max 15.6 ° 15.6 3.0 °
80 % Average g force 0.98 g0.40 g min to max 1.42 g 1.08 1.10 g
Info Average VSI -3,438 ft/m-5,028 ft/m min to max -2,144 ft/m -3,358 -2,144 ft/m
Info Average altitude 795 ft agl207 ft agl min to max 1,428 ft agl 1,428 207 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -14.9 °-21.9 ° min to max -8.4 ° -14.6 -8.4 °
00.250.50.7510501001502002503003504004505005506006507007508008509009501,0001,0501,1001,1501,2001,2501,3001,3501,400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-50-38-25-13013253850Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 19.48Landing on runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Threshold height at 167 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 133 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 133 kn. Target 63 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
57 % Heading variation 0.9 °0.5 ° min to max 1.6 ° 1.6 0.5 °
91 % Average bank angle 3.1 °0.1 ° min to max 5.4 ° 3.7 4.2 °
93 % Average g force 1.08 g0.63 g min to max 1.32 g 0.70 1.32 g
Info Average speed 124 kn119 kn min to max 133 kn 133 119 kn
Info Average VSI -1,458 ft/m-2,188 ft/m min to max -1,132 ft/m -2,053 -1,132 ft/m
Info Average altitude 34 ft agl-5 ft agl min to max 167 ft agl 167 -5 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -6.1 °-10.9 ° min to max -3.2 ° -10.9 -3.2 °
07515022530037545052503367100133167Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 40.07Touchdown point was 297 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 119 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was very heavy at -1,132 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 14.9 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Touchdown VSI was -1,132 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 427 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 119 knTarget 53 kn
57 % Runway alignment max 28.12 m1.69 m right 13.27 -14.85 m
2 % Average bank angle 3.2 °0.4 ° min to max 9.8 ° 4.2 9.8 °
29 % Average g force 1.00 g0.29 g min to max 2.50 g 1.32 2.50 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 102 kn86 kn min to max 119 kn 119 86 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-8.5 ° min to max 7.9 ° -3.2 -7.4 °
Arrival Rollout 55.00Total landing distance 1,244 m, 59 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 68.8 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,244 m59 % of runway.
0 % Runway alignment max 68.82 m0.00 m left to 68.82 m right -16.53 -66.97 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.14 g 1.14 1.00 g
Info Average speed 67 kn51 kn min to max 81 kn 81 51 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-3.2 ° min to max 0.8 ° -3.2 -0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.8 °0.0 ° min to max 7.2 ° 7.2 0.1 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 73 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 82 kn0 kn min to max 120 kn 46 111 kn
Info Average pitch angle 3.5 °-6.4 ° min to max 22.9 ° -0.4 1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 5.3 °0.0 ° min to max 26.5 ° 0.2 8.1 °
Info Average g force 1.01 g0.72 g min to max 1.39 g 1.01 0.89 g

Events

Info Parking Brake On 1,433 ft agl · 99 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 1,553 ft agl · 97 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 66 kt with 2.3° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF2.3° off9° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0204060 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 9 kt 0.4° 0 s
Liftoff792 m 66 kt 2.3° 32.8 s
35 ft963 m · 4.3 s after liftoff 71 kt 9.2° 37.1 s
End of Climb 31,937 m · 516 ft 52 kt 13.9° 65 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
1,063m50 %
Liftoff speed100.00
66kt
Runway alignment52.49
16.08m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb100.00
583fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 516 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 888 m of runway left; then climbing at 950 fpm on average to 516 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

750 ft375 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 66 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 274 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 16 m at the widest, and lifted off 11 m left. Airborne 50 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 16.21 m LROLL 274 M INAirborne 1,066 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,066 m of 2,124 m · 50 %
Behind the start of the roll, 274 mTakeoff roll, 792 m Left ahead, 1,059 m

The approach to CYKF 08

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 2.4 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 2,250 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

1,0002,0003,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND2,9431,718948
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 758 m right of the centreline at 2.4 nm, then 78 m left of it from 0.8 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND586 m R45 m R65 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 08

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
166ft
Threshold speed0.00
132kt
Centreline offset57.20
0.48m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
489m
Centreline56.97
14.85m R
Speed0.00
118kt
Touchdown rate0.00
-1,132fpm
Impact28.57
2.50G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, 4° of bank.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 166 ft, 116 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 489 m in, 184 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

166 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −1,132 fpm · −3.2° nose down · 119 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 166 ft, down at 489 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 2,140 fpm at 99 ft to 1,130 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 5.6° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−1,250−2,500−9°0°10°touchdown−1,132 fpm at touchdown−3.2° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 15 m right of the centreline and drifted to 20 m right on the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 489 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 489 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 2.50 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 978 m of 2,124 m · 46 %
In the air over the runway, 489 mRollout, 489 m Left over, 1,147 m
Rollout distance100.00
489m43 % used
Rollout alignment0.00
68.82m R

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