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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

84.93 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel70 kg
Wind269° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross
3 Apr 2024 0:09 7 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
84.71 %
Enroute Score
99.98 %
Arrival Score
62.64 %

What went well

Rollout controlled — 39 % of the runway used
Airborne in 924 m — 43 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 107 kn at 0 %, Landing and flare profile at 0 %, −6.36 points
Arrival Touchdown — bounce at touchdown; Speed at touchdown 81 kn at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -764 ft/m at 25 %, −3.55 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 11.1 ° at 29 %, bank angle up to 9.9 ° at 81 %, −1.89 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Roll 80.00Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 64 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 64 knTarget 62 kn
0 % Runway alignment max 109.56 m20.22 m left to 89.34 m right -1.04 10.90 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.21 g 0.98 1.21 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-0.2 ° min to max 5.6 ° 0.3 5.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.8 °0.0 ° min to max 6.2 ° 0.2 6.0 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 91.52Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
96 % Heading variation -1.1 °-1.4 ° min to max -0.7 ° -0.7 -1.4 °
100 % Average speed 62 kn59 kn min to max 64 kn 64 59 kn
90 % Average bank angle 4.2 °3.5 ° min to max 6.0 ° 6.0 3.8 °
51 % Average g force 1.45 g0.90 g min to max 2.10 g 1.31 1.02 g
Info Average VSI 998 ft/m478 ft/m min to max 1,294 ft/m 478 1,294 ft/m
Info Average altitude 19 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 43 ft agl 0 43 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 15.5 °7.3 ° min to max 19.6 ° 7.3 16.9 °
Departure Climb 2 81.75Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
34 % Heading variation -3.3 °-7.3 ° min to max -1.4 ° -1.4 -7.3 °
100 % Average speed 55 kn50 kn min to max 59 kn 58 56 kn
94 % Average bank angle 2.9 °0.0 ° min to max 4.4 ° 3.9 1.0 °
98 % Average g force 0.97 g0.72 g min to max 1.15 g 1.04 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 924 ft/m-25 ft/m min to max 1,552 ft/m 1,311 938 ft/m
Info Average altitude 157 ft agl45 ft agl min to max 381 ft agl 45 381 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.7 °0.7 ° min to max 17.9 ° 17.1 10.5 °
Departure Climb 3 85.57Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
28 % Heading variation -7.9 °-8.3 ° min to max -7.5 ° -7.5 -8.3 °
100 % Average speed 52 kn51 kn min to max 54 kn 54 51 kn
99.5 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.0 2.2 °
100 % Average g force 0.96 g0.92 g min to max 1.04 g 0.97 1.04 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 680 ft/m492 ft/m min to max 968 ft/m 968 508 ft/m
Info Average altitude 443 ft agl398 ft agl min to max 480 ft agl 398 480 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.4 °6.5 ° min to max 10.6 ° 10.6 8.8 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,533 ft asl to 3,152 ft asl, an increase of 1,619 ft in 3 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 53 kn45 kn min to max 60 kn 50 53 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.3 °0.0 ° min to max 20.4 ° 2.7 6.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.77 g min to max 1.18 g 1.03 0.77 g
Info Average VSI 477 ft/m-40 ft/m min to max 1,119 ft/m 574 909 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,256 ft asl1,533 ft asl min to max 3,152 ft asl 1,533 3,152 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 6.4 °-0.3 ° min to max 12.0 ° 9.3 8.2 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 99.94Enroute level cruise started 2 miles east of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 3,297 ft asl3,164 ft asl min to max 3,370 ft asl 3,164 3,370 ft asl
100 % Average speed 60 kn51 kn min to max 72 kn 51 60 kn
100 % Average bank angle 9.2 °0.1 ° min to max 24.6 ° 7.0 24.5 °
99 % Average g force 1.03 g0.83 g min to max 1.26 g 0.98 0.96 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 2.5 °-5.9 ° min to max 10.0 ° 10.0 6.8 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 3 miles east of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,377 ft asl to 2,819 ft asl, a decrease of 558 ft in 1 minutes and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 72 kn57 kn min to max 94 kn 59 94 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.9 °3.2 ° min to max 25.8 ° 25.8 5.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.90 g min to max 1.15 g 1.01 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -271 ft/m-2,554 ft/m min to max 723 ft/m 528 -2,554 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,212 ft asl2,819 ft asl min to max 3,383 ft asl 3,377 2,819 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-15.0 ° min to max 5.8 ° 5.8 -14.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 100.00Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles east of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 102 kn96 kn min to max 109 kn 96 109 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.7 °0.3 ° min to max 10.1 ° 4.4 10.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.83 g min to max 1.17 g 1.05 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -2,337 ft/m-2,639 ft/m min to max -2,004 ft/m -2,556 -2,528 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,456 ft asl2,075 ft asl min to max 2,776 ft asl 2,776 2,075 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -14.2 °-16.8 ° min to max -11.9 ° -14.0 -14.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 77.33Approaching runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 1,004 ft agl to 188 ft agl. A decrease of 815 ft in 17 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
29 % Approach angle 11.1 °8.0 ° min to max 12.6 °Target 3.0 ° 12.6 8.0 °
100 % Average speed 112 kn109 kn min to max 115 kn 109 113 kn
84 % Heading variation 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.6 0.0 °
81 % Average bank angle 4.7 °0.5 ° min to max 9.9 ° 9.9 2.5 °
84 % Average g force 1.01 g0.84 g min to max 1.53 g 0.99 1.53 g
Info Average VSI -2,857 ft/m-3,124 ft/m min to max -2,442 ft/m -2,508 -2,442 ft/m
Info Average altitude 597 ft agl188 ft agl min to max 1,004 ft agl 1,004 188 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -15.4 °-17.0 ° min to max -8.6 ° -14.6 -8.6 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850900950Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-60-45-30-15015304560Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 23.67Landing on runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Threshold height at 148 ft agl was excessively over target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 107 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 107 kn. Target 63 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° -0.1 0.1 °
90 % Average bank angle 1.5 °0.2 ° min to max 5.9 ° 5.9 0.6 °
94 % Average g force 1.06 g0.64 g min to max 1.23 g 1.23 0.95 g
Info Average speed 86 kn81 kn min to max 107 kn 107 81 kn
Info Average VSI -999 ft/m-1,516 ft/m min to max -12 ft/m -672 -764 ft/m
Info Average altitude 44 ft agl2 ft agl min to max 151 ft agl 148 2 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -4.9 °-10.9 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.6 -4.9 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 36 ft agl · 90 kt
0751502253003754505256006757508259000306191121151Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750825900-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 57.35Touchdown point was 199 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 81 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was very heavy at -764 ft/m. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 2 kn at 269 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 2 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
25 % Touchdown VSI was -764 ft/m.
93 % Touchdown distance was 518 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 81 knTarget 53 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 2.26 m1.98 m left 2.24 1.30 m
88 % Average bank angle 1.6 °0.4 ° min to max 2.9 ° 0.6 0.8 °
65 % Average g force 1.02 g0.69 g min to max 1.86 g 0.95 0.75 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 71 kn67 kn min to max 81 kn 81 67 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.2 °-4.9 ° min to max 7.0 ° -4.9 -4.7 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 10 ft agl · 75 kt
Arrival Rollout 92.21Total landing distance 977 m, 46 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 977 m46 % of runway.
85 % Runway alignment max 8.19 m7.20 m left to 0.98 m right 0.72 7.20 m
90 % Average g force 1.02 g0.73 g min to max 1.42 g 1.42 1.00 g
Info Average speed 51 kn33 kn min to max 67 kn 67 33 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-0.9 ° min to max 4.6 ° 4.6 0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.1 0.0 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 3 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 13 kn9 kn min to max 30 kn 30 9 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.3 0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 64 kt with 7.3° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF7.3° off15° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH020406080 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.7° 0 s
Liftoff731 m 64 kt 7.3° 32.9 s
35 ft781 m · 1.5 s after liftoff 60 kt 14.9° 34.4 s
End of Climb 32,355 m · 480 ft 51 kt 8.8° 86 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
924m43 %
Liftoff speed100.00
64kt
Runway alignment0.00
89.34m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb91.52
998fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 480 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,148 m of runway left; then climbing at 550 fpm on average to 480 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

500 ft250 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 64 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 195 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 89 m at the widest, and lifted off 12 m left. Airborne 43 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 89.21 m RROLL 195 M INAirborne 926 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 926 m of 2,124 m · 44 %
Behind the start of the roll, 195 mTakeoff roll, 731 m Left ahead, 1,199 m

The approach to CYKF 26

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 2.4 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,610 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND2,2132,1521,584905
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 715 m left of the centreline at 2.4 nm, then drifted 199 m right between 1.6 and 0.6 nm, then 45 m left of it from 0.6 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND131 m L163 m R163 m R39 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 26

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
147ft
Threshold speed0.00
106kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.04m R

Touchdown

Past threshold89.76
551m
Centreline100.00
2.26m L
Speed0.00
80kt
Touchdown rate24.86
-764fpm
Impact65.14
1.86G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 269° at 2 kt · 1 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 147 ft, 97 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 551 m in, 246 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

147 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −763 fpm · −4.9° nose down · 81 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 147 ft, down at 551 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 1,060 fpm at 111 ft to 760 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 6.0° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−1,000−2,000−11°−0°10°touchdown−763 fpm at touchdown−4.9° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed within 2.3 m of it down the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 551 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 551 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The 1.86 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 872 m of 2,124 m · 41 %
In the air over the runway, 551 mRollout, 321 m Left over, 1,253 m
Rollout distance100.00
321m39 % used
Rollout alignment84.86
7.20m L

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