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EGPE
Inverness, Scotland
Runway 23
Elevation26 ft asl
Weight706 kg
Fuel86 kg
Wind170° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

90.22 %
EGPE
Inverness, Scotland
Runway 23
Elevation26 ft asl
Weight705 kg
Fuel85 kg
Wind170° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross
21 Jan 2025 0:03 3 nm PA38 Tomahawk 1 kg
Departure Score
96.32 %
Pattern Score
76.10 %
Arrival Score
98.25 %

What went well

Touched down at -63 fpm — a soft arrival
Touchdown 364 m in — inside the full-score zone
Threshold crossed at 16 ft and 65 kt — both inside band

What held you back

Pattern Crosswind — Heading -45.2 ° at 0 %, −3.75 points
Pattern Base Leg Turn — Angle to runway (45 degrees) 6.4 ° at 0 %, −2.50 points
Pattern Downwind — Heading -12.8 ° at 48 %, Average altitude 266.5 m agl at 83 %, −1.72 points

Next time

Improve the pattern crosswind leg

See Pattern Crosswind

Each lap slightly wider and higher than the last, because you're unconsciously using the previous lap as your reference instead of the runway and the numbers. Invisible lap to lap, unmistakable across ten. This is the failure that only measurement catches, because your memory of lap three is gone by lap eight.

Read more in Pattern Work

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport, Average speed was 42 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 50 kn50 kn min to max 50 kn 50 50 kn
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-1.0 ° min to max -1.0 ° -1.0 -1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.3 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.3 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 98.96Departure roll runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport. Takeoff distance 181 m 10 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 63 kn. Local weather - Temperature 23 °C. Wind 2 kn at 170 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 181 m10 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 63 knTarget 58 kn
95 % Runway alignment max 4.47 m4.47 m left to 0.00 m left 4.47 0.31 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.16 g 1.00 1.16 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-1.1 ° min to max 4.3 ° -1.0 4.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.3 0.3 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 3 ft agl · 54 kt
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 15.2 m agl from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° -0.0 0.2 °
100 % Average speed 67 kn63 kn min to max 70 kn 63 70 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.3 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.3 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.93 g min to max 1.21 g 1.18 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 2.2 m/s1.7 m/s min to max 3.1 m/s 1.7 3.1 m/s
Info Average altitude 6.9 m agl0.3 m agl min to max 15.2 m agl 0.3 15.2 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.3 °4.1 ° min to max 6.8 ° 4.6 6.7 °
Departure Climb 2 90.00Departure climb to 121.9 m agl from 23 EGPE Inverness Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 70 kn69 kn min to max 70 kn 70 69 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° 0.7 2.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.03 g 1.00 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 3.7 m/s3.2 m/s min to max 4.5 m/s 3.2 4.5 m/s
Info Average altitude 23.8 m agl15.4 m agl min to max 46.2 m agl 15.4 46.2 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.2 °6.7 ° min to max 8.9 ° 6.7 8.9 °
Pattern Entry 100.00Left hand pattern entry from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 15 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 69 kn66 kn min to max 73 kn 68 73 kn
100 % Average bank angle 15.0 °5.6 ° min to max 19.0 ° 5.6 19.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.95 g min to max 1.11 g 0.98 1.11 g
Info Average VSI 3.4 m/s2.1 m/s min to max 5.0 m/s 4.6 2.8 m/s
Info Average altitude 84.1 m agl53.6 m agl min to max 106.8 m agl 53.6 106.8 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 6.9 °4.6 ° min to max 10.1 ° 8.7 6.2 °
Pattern Crosswind 55.00Left hand pattern crosswind from runway 23 EGPE Inverness Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 29 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Heading -45.2 °-91.8 ° min to max 16.3 ° 16.3 -91.8 °
100 % Average speed 73 kn70 kn min to max 78 kn 73 78 kn
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.98 g min to max 1.09 g 1.09 1.05 g
Info Average VSI 3.4 m/s1.8 m/s min to max 5.0 m/s 3.2 2.7 m/s
Info Average altitude 165.8 m agl110.2 m agl min to max 210.6 m agl 110.2 210.6 m agl
Info Average bank angle 14.6 °0.1 ° min to max 19.0 ° 19.0 0.7 °
Info Average pitch angle 6.0 °2.6 ° min to max 9.1 ° 6.6 4.5 °
Pattern Downwind 79.39Pattern Downwind Leg. Distance was 2 nm in 72 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
48 % Heading -12.8 °-81.5 ° min to max 4.6 ° -1.5 -81.5 °
83 % Average altitude 266.5 m agl207.8 m agl min to max 303.6 m agl 213.9 207.8 m agl
100 % Average speed 79 kn75 kn min to max 86 kn 78 86 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.87 g min to max 1.10 g 1.03 1.10 g
Info Average VSI -0.0 m/s-4.0 m/s min to max 4.0 m/s 3.1 -3.8 m/s
Info Average bank angle 6.3 °0.1 ° min to max 19.9 ° 0.5 19.9 °
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-5.7 ° min to max 5.7 ° 4.8 -4.5 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 948 ft agl · 79 kt
Pattern Base Leg Turn 70.00Pattern Base Leg Turn. Distance was 1 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 6.4 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 6.4 °.
100 % Average speed 83 kn80 kn min to max 87 kn 85 82 kn
100 % Average bank angle 20.5 °0.9 ° min to max 30.8 ° 22.8 6.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.06 g0.94 g min to max 1.11 g 1.10 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -5.5 m/s-7.1 m/s min to max -2.7 m/s -3.1 -6.6 m/s
Info Average altitude 146.2 m agl76.7 m agl min to max 201.6 m agl 201.6 76.7 m agl
Info Average pitch angle -7.0 °-9.3 ° min to max -3.4 ° -3.4 -9.3 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 384 ft agl · 89 kt
Arrival Final 1 94.73Approaching runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 70.0 m agl to 7.3 m agl. A decrease of 62.7 m in 15 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
96 % Approach angle 2.0 °1.4 ° min to max 4.2 °Target 3.0 ° 4.2 1.4 °
100 % Average speed 73 kn65 kn min to max 82 kn 82 65 kn
84 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.9 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.9 -0.0 °
94 % Average bank angle 1.6 °0.0 ° min to max 5.5 ° 5.5 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.98 g min to max 1.12 g 0.99 1.07 g
Info Average VSI -3.2 m/s-6.7 m/s min to max -1.5 m/s -6.7 -1.5 m/s
Info Average altitude 17.8 m agl7.3 m agl min to max 70.0 m agl 70.0 7.3 m agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.4 °-9.4 ° min to max 0.6 ° -9.4 0.6 °
00.250.50.751050100150200Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-60-45-30-15015304560Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 98.25Landing on runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport, runway length 1,814 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was good at 65 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was good at 65 kn. Target 62 kn
93 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° -0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.3 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.95 g min to max 1.08 g 1.06 1.01 g
Info Average speed 50 kn38 kn min to max 65 kn 65 38 kn
Info Average VSI -0.5 m/s-1.4 m/s min to max -0.2 m/s -1.4 -0.3 m/s
Info Average altitude 1.9 m agl-0.3 m agl min to max 5.0 m agl 5.0 -0.3 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.8 °0.6 ° min to max 7.8 ° 0.6 7.8 °
07515022530037501223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 100.00Touchdown distance was good at 363 m. Touchdown speed at 38 kn was good. Touchdown rate was excellent at -0.3 m/s. Runway touchdown alignment was perfect. Local weather - Temperature 23 °C. Wind 2 kn at 170 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown VSI was -0.3 m/s.
100 % Touchdown distance was 363 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 38 knTarget 44 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 0.56 m0.46 m left 0.34 0.56 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.4 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.5 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g1.01 g min to max 1.08 g 1.01 1.02 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 38 kn37 kn min to max 38 kn 38 37 kn
Info Average pitch angle 7.8 °7.8 ° min to max 7.9 ° 7.8 7.8 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 518 m, 29 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 518 m29 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 1.23 m0.92 m left to 0.30 m right 0.58 -0.27 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.02 1.00 g
Info Average speed 43 kn32 kn min to max 46 kn 46 32 kn
Info Average pitch angle 5.6 °-1.8 ° min to max 7.8 ° 7.8 -1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.5 0.3 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 7 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 18 kn9 kn min to max 27 kn 27 9 kn
Info Average pitch angle -1.5 °-1.8 ° min to max -1.2 ° -1.2 -1.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 0.99 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 63 kt with 2.8° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF2.8° off7° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH010 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 42 kt -1.0° 0 s
Liftoff170 m · target 58 63 kt 2.8° 4.7 s
35 ft362 m · 5.3 s after liftoff 69 kt 6.7° 9.9 s
End of the climb698 m · 152 ft 69 kt 8.9° 19.2 s

Takeoff from EGPE 23

Takeoff roll100.00
181m10 %
Liftoff speed100.00
63kttarget 58, 5 fast
Runway alignment94.80
4.47m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb100.00
429fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 152 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 558 m of runway left; then climbing at 620 fpm on average to 152 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 63 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 1,814 m runway.

Rolled from 893 m in, drifted 4.6 m left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 58 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS1 kn75 %widest 4.63 m LROLL 893 M INAirborne 1,064 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,064 m of 1,814 m · 59 %
Behind the start of the roll, 893 mTakeoff roll, 170 m Left ahead, 750 m

The circuit to EGPE 23

Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.8 nm out at 78 kt

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING13crosswinddownwind90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKcircuit height 1,000 ftturn crosswind from 500 ft19°131°3distance flown →
HeightBankA turnCircuit height ±50 ft30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
310 ft
Bank
19°
Speed
70 kt

Low: turned crosswind at 310 ft, below the 500 ft minimum.

Each lap slightly wider and higher than the last, because you're unconsciously using the previous lap as your reference instead of the runway and the numbers. Invisible lap to lap, unmistakable across ten. This is the failure that only measurement catches, because your memory of lap three is gone by lap eight.

Read more in Pattern Work
2Downwind
Height
874 ft on 1,000 ft
Speed
79 kt
Out
0.5 nm 0.8 suits 78 kt

Off heading: 13° from the leg's heading on average.

Spacing cues are relative to your eyepoint, so two simmers with different FOV settings following the same wingtip cue fly patterns half a mile different in width, and a wide FOV compresses depth so the runway on base looks further away than it is, biasing you towards a late turn. Pick a camera position and FOV, save it, and never change it, because every judgement you calibrate is calibrated to that picture.

Read more in Pattern Work
3Base turn
Angle
6° target 45°
Bank
31°
Height
654 ft

Lost marks: scored 70.

Entry100Crosswind55Downwind79Base turn70

The approach to EGPE 23

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 0.7 nm, where the final began, to 0.5 nm (up to 290 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND369
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 139 m right of the centreline at 0.7 nm.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND121 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on EGPE 23

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
16ft
Threshold speed100.00
65kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.01m R

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
364m
Centreline100.00
0.56m L
Speed100.00
38kt
Touchdown rate100.00
-63fpm
Impact100.00
1.08G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 170° at 2 kt · 1 kt head · 1 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 47 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 9 s, an average deceleration of 0.11 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

020406030 kt · 172 mtouchdown179 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 16 ft, 34 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 364 m in, 59 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

16 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −63 fpm · 7.8° nose up · 38 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 16 ft, down at 364 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 210 fpm at 15 ft to 60 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 7.1° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°touchdown−63 fpm at touchdown7.8° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 1,814 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed within 0.9 m of it down the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 1 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 364 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 364 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 504 m of 1,814 m · 28 %
In the air over the runway, 364 mRollout, 141 m Left over, 1,310 m
Rollout distance100.00
141m28 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
0.92m L

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The flight began with a departure roll from runway 23 at EGPE Inverness Airport, where the PA38 Tomahawk aircraft took off with a takeoff distance of 181 meters, which is 10% of the runway length. The liftoff speed was 63 knots, and the local weather conditions were favorable with a temperature of 23 degrees Celsius and a gentle wind of 2 knots at 170 degrees.

As the aircraft entered the left-hand pattern, it did so from runway 23, and the entry distance was less than 1 nautical mile in just 15 seconds. The left-hand pattern crosswind was also navigated successfully, with the aircraft covering a distance of less than 1 nautical mile in 29 seconds. The pattern downwind leg was completed in 72 seconds, covering a distance of 2 nautical miles.

The pattern base leg turn was executed with precision, with the aircraft covering a distance of 1 nautical mile and turning at an angle of 45 degrees to the runway. The final approach to runway 23 was made from the north-east, with the aircraft flying at a heading of 225 degrees and an altitude of 70 meters above ground level.

The landing on runway 23 was smooth and controlled, with the aircraft touching down at a speed of 38 knots and a distance of 363 meters. The touchdown rate was excellent at -0.3 meters per second, and the runway touchdown alignment was perfect. The total landing distance was 518 meters, which is 29% of the runway length.

The runway rollout alignment was also perfect, and the aircraft came to a stop without any issues. The total flight distance was 3 nautical miles, and the flight duration was 3 minutes. The aircraft used a total of 1 kilogram of fuel during the flight. Overall, the flight was a success, with the pilot demonstrating excellent flying skills and control of the aircraft.

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