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KRAP
Rapid City, United States
Runway 14
Elevation3,189 ft asl
Weight1,502 lbs
Fuel81 lbs
Wind163° · 24 kn · 5 kn cross

Flight Score

92.76 %
KRCA
Rapid City, United States
Runway 13
Elevation3,274 ft asl
Weight1,496 lbs
Fuel75 lbs
Wind168° · 21 kn · 11 kn cross
30 Jun 2024 0:15 11 nm Cessna 152 6 lbs
Departure Score
93.96 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
79.11 %

What went well

Touched down at -75 fpm — a soft arrival
1.09 G at touchdown — inside band
Airborne in 72 ft — 1 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Landing and flare profile at 0 %, Threshold speed was well above target at 72 kn at 82 %, −5.06 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 5.9 ° at 47 %, −1.18 points
Departure Roll — Strobe Lights at 0 %, Runway alignment max 42.9 ft at 63 %, −1.03 points

Next time

Work on the flare

See Arrival Landing

High on final, the pilot dives to the aim point, converting altitude directly into airspeed, and arrives on-glideslope but 15 knots fast. The vertical profile looks fine; the speed trace does not. It is one of the reasons the stabilised-approach concept - configured, on speed, on path by a gate, commonly 1,000 ft in IMC and 500 ft in VMC - checks speed and path together, and why the tolerances airlines use are asymmetric, typically allowing more on the fast side than the slow, because slow kills faster than fast.

Read more in VRef Explained

Start to finish · 10 stages, 8 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 6 minutes and covered 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 13 kn0 kn min to max 21 kn 0 15 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 14 knmax 16 kn 0 15 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °0.9 ° min to max 2.3 ° 1.3 1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.1 0.1 °

Events

Info Navigation Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 11 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 12 kt
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 14 at KRAP Rapid City Rgnl, Average speed was 25 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 23 kn0 kn min to max 36 kn 14 36 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °0.7 ° min to max 1.8 ° 1.7 1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.1 0.8 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 0.99 g

Events

Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 3 ft agl · 25 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 3 ft agl · 38 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 3 ft agl · 41 kt
Departure Roll 87.69Departure roll runway 14 at KRAP Rapid City Rgnl. Takeoff distance 495 ft 6 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 50 kn. Local weather - Temperature 87 °F. Wind 24 kn at 162 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 23 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 495 ft6 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 50 knTarget 56 kn
63 % Runway alignment max 42.9 ft0.0 ft left to 42.9 ft right -42.9 -41.2 ft
100 % Average g force 1.01 g1.00 g min to max 1.03 g 1.00 1.03 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 3.2 °1.2 ° min to max 5.6 ° 1.2 5.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.7 °0.5 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.8 1.1 °

Events

Fail Strobe Lights
Departure Climb 1 94.59Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 14 KRAP Rapid City Rgnl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
78 % Heading variation 1.4 °0.4 ° min to max 2.9 ° 2.9 0.4 °
100 % Average speed 58 kn50 kn min to max 65 kn 50 65 kn
99.9 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 2.0 ° 1.3 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.93 g min to max 1.13 g 1.05 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 250 ft/m156 ft/m min to max 345 ft/m 171 333 ft/m
Info Average altitude 18 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 41 ft agl 0 41 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.8 °5.1 ° min to max 7.2 ° 6.0 5.4 °
Departure Climb 2 93.57Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 14 KRAP Rapid City Rgnl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-1.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.4 0.2 °
100 % Average speed 71 kn65 kn min to max 87 kn 65 83 kn
74 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.0 ° min to max 11.8 ° 0.2 11.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.09 g 0.99 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 400 ft/m99 ft/m min to max 644 ft/m 332 350 ft/m
Info Average altitude 80 ft agl41 ft agl min to max 222 ft agl 41 222 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.6 °2.4 ° min to max 6.4 ° 5.4 4.2 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 87 ft agl · 81 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead KRAP Rapid City Rgnl Rapid City (South Dakota, United States) and lasted 6 minutes, covering 9 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 3,755 ft asl3,417 ft asl min to max 3,918 ft asl 3,417 3,639 ft asl
100 % Average speed 82 kn48 kn min to max 106 kn 82 61 kn
100 % Average bank angle 5.0 °0.0 ° min to max 16.7 ° 12.6 2.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.27 g 1.00 0.96 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 2.7 °-0.8 ° min to max 11.5 ° 4.1 5.9 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 604 ft agl · 93 kt
Arrival 100.00Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started overhead KRAP Rapid City Rgnl Rapid City (South Dakota, United States).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 61 kn53 kn min to max 86 kn 62 80 kn
100 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.0 ° min to max 9.0 ° 0.9 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.91 g min to max 1.12 g 0.97 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -104 ft/m-978 ft/m min to max 264 ft/m -690 28 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,438 ft asl3,415 ft asl min to max 3,627 ft asl 3,627 3,487 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 5.9 °0.5 ° min to max 9.4 ° 6.5 0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 177 ft agl · 66 kt
Arrival Final 1 89.37Approaching runway 13 at KRCA Ellsworth Afb from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 212 ft agl to 88 ft agl. A decrease of 124 ft in 13 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
47 % Approach angle 5.9 °5.3 ° min to max 6.1 °Target 3.0 ° 5.3 6.0 °
100 % Average speed 72 kn70 kn min to max 76 kn 76 72 kn
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.1 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.1 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.1 ° min to max 2.9 ° 0.4 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.92 g min to max 1.05 g 0.92 1.02 g
Info Average VSI -584 ft/m-695 ft/m min to max -32 ft/m -32 -684 ft/m
Info Average altitude 126 ft agl88 ft agl min to max 212 ft agl 212 88 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.7 °-2.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 -1.9 °
00.250.50.751050100150200Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-180-135-90-4504590135180Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 54.44Landing on runway 13 at KRCA Ellsworth Afb, runway length 13,482 ft. Threshold height at 84 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was well above target at 72 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
82 % Threshold speed was well above target at 72 kn. Target 60 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 2.3 ° 0.7 2.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.87 g min to max 1.17 g 1.02 0.97 g
Info Average speed 60 kn46 kn min to max 73 kn 72 46 kn
Info Average VSI -234 ft/m-683 ft/m min to max 73 ft/m -683 -72 ft/m
Info Average altitude 11 ft agl-16 ft agl min to max 84 ft agl 84 -16 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.0 °-1.9 ° min to max 5.6 ° -1.9 4.8 °
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,75001633496581Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,750-80-64-48-32-1601632486480Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 93.51Touchdown point was 873 ft beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 46 kn was a little fast. Touchdown rate was excellent at -72 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 23 ft from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 89 °F. Wind 21 kn at 167 °. Crosswind: 10 kn Headwind: 18 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown VSI was -72 ft/m.
72 % Touchdown distance was 2,332 ftTarget 1,500 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 46 knTarget 44 kn
86 % Runway alignment max 23.0 ft22.5 ft left 23.0 21.7 ft
97 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.1 ° min to max 2.2 ° 2.2 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.06 g0.97 g min to max 1.09 g 0.97 1.04 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 45 kn44 kn min to max 46 kn 46 44 kn
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °4.8 ° min to max 5.1 ° 4.8 5.1 °

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 49 kt with 6.0° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF6.0° off6° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 ft 47 kt 1.2° 0 s
Liftoff79 ft 49 kt 6.0° 1.2 s
35 ft755 ft · 8.6 s after liftoff 64 kt 5.6° 9.8 s
End of the climb4,195 ft · 222 ft 83 kt 4.2° 42.2 s

Takeoff from KRAP 14

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
72ft1 %
Liftoff speed100.00
49kt
Runway alignment63.47
42.9ft R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb94.59
249fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 222 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 7,230 ft of runway left; then climbing at 320 fpm on average to 222 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END3040KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 49 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 8,693 ft runway.

Rolled from 708 ft in, drifted right of the centreline, 43 ft at the widest, and lifted off 41 ft right. Airborne 9 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

2,0004,0006,0008,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS4 kn75 %widest 43.0 ft RROLL 708 FT INAirborne 787 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 787 ft of 8,693 ft · 9 %
Behind the start of the roll, 708 ftTakeoff roll, 79 ft Left ahead, 7,906 ft

The approach to KRCA 13

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 0.9 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 170 ft below the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND350199
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 2,140 ft left of the centreline at 0.9 nm.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR1000 ft L01000 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND2139 ft L177 ft L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on KRCA 13

Over the threshold

Threshold height35.49
84ft
Threshold speed82.27
71kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.1ft L

Touchdown

Past threshold72.12
2,336ft
Centreline85.50
23.0ft L
Speed100.00
45kt
Touchdown rate100.00
-75fpm
Impact100.00
1.09G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 11° right of the track, 2° of bank.

Wind 168° at 21 kt · 18 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 84 ft, 34 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 2,336 ft in, 1,336 ft past the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

84 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −71 fpm · 4.8° nose up · 46 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 84 ft, down at 2,336 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

From 81 ft the descent stopped and turned into a climb of 220 fpm before coming down at 70 fpm to touch. The nose came up 6.7° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−2°4°10°touchdown−71 fpm at touchdown4.8° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 13,482 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 22 ft left of the centreline.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 2,336 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 2,336 ft past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 2,336 ft of 13,482 ft · 17 %
In the air over the runway, 2,336 ftRollout, 0 ft Left over, 11,146 ft

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