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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

77.66 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 14
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel71 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross
11 Apr 2024 0:08 10 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
91.15 %
Enroute Score
81.14 %
Arrival Score
56.53 %

What went well

Touchdown 204 m in — inside the full-score zone
Airborne in 585 m — 28 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Touchdown — Speed at touchdown 87 kn at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -851 ft/m at 16 %, −5.92 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 4.4 ° at 0 %, bank angle up to 32.3 ° at 21 %, −5.52 points
Enroute Climb — bounce on liftoff; g force 0.52 to 2.53 g at 27 %, bank angle up to 63.9 ° at 52 %, −4.41 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 10 stages, 9 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Departure Roll 88.65Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 60 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 60 knTarget 62 kn
43 % Runway alignment max 24.38 m18.62 m left to 5.76 m right -1.04 -5.76 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.10 g 0.99 1.10 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.3 ° min to max 4.1 ° 0.3 4.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.5 ° 0.2 1.5 °
Departure Climb 1 93.84Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
97 % Heading variation 0.8 °0.6 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.6 1.2 °
100 % Average speed 61 kn58 kn min to max 62 kn 60 58 kn
83 % Average bank angle 7.1 °1.9 ° min to max 8.4 ° 1.9 8.1 °
87 % Average g force 1.34 g1.13 g min to max 1.48 g 1.13 1.35 g
Info Average VSI 855 ft/m423 ft/m min to max 1,285 ft/m 423 1,285 ft/m
Info Average altitude 14 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 43 ft agl 0 43 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 13.2 °4.5 ° min to max 22.8 ° 4.5 22.8 °
Departure Climb 2 92.13Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
97 % Heading variation 1.6 °1.3 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.3 2.2 °
100 % Average speed 54 kn44 kn min to max 58 kn 58 44 kn
73 % Average bank angle 10.0 °8.2 ° min to max 12.1 ° 8.2 12.1 °
95 % Average g force 1.30 g1.09 g min to max 1.34 g 1.34 1.09 g
Info Average VSI 1,745 ft/m1,323 ft/m min to max 2,358 ft/m 1,323 2,358 ft/m
Info Average altitude 71 ft agl45 ft agl min to max 130 ft agl 45 130 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 28.2 °23.1 ° min to max 36.1 ° 23.1 36.1 °
Enroute Climb 73.54Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,216 ft asl to 3,686 ft asl, an increase of 2,471 ft in 5 minutes and covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 83 kn30 kn min to max 113 kn 37 68 kn
52 % Average bank angle 7.9 °0.0 ° min to max 63.9 ° 12.3 41.0 °
27 % Average g force 1.07 g0.52 g min to max 2.53 g 0.77 1.35 g
Info Average VSI 579 ft/m-2,537 ft/m min to max 3,199 ft/m 2,414 3,199 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,282 ft asl1,216 ft asl min to max 3,686 ft asl 1,216 3,686 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.6 °-13.8 ° min to max 31.8 ° 31.8 30.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 207 ft agl · 55 kt
Enroute Descent 88.74Enroute descent started 3 miles north east of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 3,743 ft asl to 2,941 ft asl, a decrease of 802 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 99 kn57 kn min to max 139 kn 62 139 kn
78 % Average bank angle 15.6 °0.3 ° min to max 51.1 ° 51.1 2.5 °
76 % Average g force 1.07 g0.53 g min to max 1.67 g 0.90 1.18 g
Info Average VSI -409 ft/m-2,429 ft/m min to max 3,300 ft/m 3,300 -2,348 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,491 ft asl2,941 ft asl min to max 3,809 ft asl 3,743 2,941 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.2 °-10.4 ° min to max 25.3 ° 25.3 -9.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 73.19Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles north east of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 136 kn116 kn min to max 144 kn 140 116 kn
44 % Average bank angle 13.4 °0.1 ° min to max 42.1 ° 6.7 25.4 °
78 % Average g force 1.04 g0.37 g min to max 1.63 g 1.25 1.10 g
Info Average VSI -1,877 ft/m-3,682 ft/m min to max -706 ft/m -1,678 -798 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,185 ft asl1,555 ft asl min to max 2,883 ft asl 2,883 1,555 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -8.2 °-15.8 ° min to max -2.6 ° -5.3 -2.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 50.36Approaching runway 14 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 512 ft agl to 56 ft agl. A decrease of 456 ft in 27 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Approach angle 4.4 °3.4 ° min to max 5.5 °Target 3.0 ° 4.9 3.4 °
100 % Average speed 98 kn92 kn min to max 115 kn 115 92 kn
32 % Heading variation 1.6 °1.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.8 1.2 °
21 % Average bank angle 3.3 °0.0 ° min to max 32.3 ° 32.3 3.1 °
98 % Average g force 1.04 g0.71 g min to max 1.29 g 0.71 1.19 g
Info Average VSI -1,150 ft/m-1,381 ft/m min to max -415 ft/m -825 -1,248 ft/m
Info Average altitude 194 ft agl56 ft agl min to max 512 ft agl 512 56 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -5.6 °-7.7 ° min to max -1.4 ° -6.6 -4.4 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400450500Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-90-68-45-23023456890Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 72.46Landing on runway 14 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 1,242 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was excessively high at 92 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
10 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 92 kn. Target 63 kn
93 % Landing and flare profile
72 % Heading variation 1.1 °0.9 ° min to max 1.2 ° 1.2 0.9 °
98 % Average bank angle 1.8 °0.1 ° min to max 3.0 ° 3.0 1.7 °
95 % Average g force 1.04 g0.89 g min to max 1.33 g 1.18 1.30 g
Info Average speed 89 kn87 kn min to max 92 kn 92 87 kn
Info Average VSI -876 ft/m-1,233 ft/m min to max -714 ft/m -1,233 -851 ft/m
Info Average altitude 26 ft agl-1 ft agl min to max 52 ft agl 52 -1 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.5 °-5.3 ° min to max -1.3 ° -4.3 -1.8 °
07515022501223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 46.76Touchdown distance was good at 201 m. Touchdown speed at 87 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was very heavy at -851 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 16.8 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
16 % Touchdown VSI was -851 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 201 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 87 knTarget 53 kn
50 % Runway alignment max 16.81 m13.19 m left 16.81 9.73 m
61 % Average bank angle 1.8 °0.0 ° min to max 5.2 ° 1.7 2.3 °
46 % Average g force 1.09 g0.64 g min to max 2.19 g 1.30 1.21 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 81 kn71 kn min to max 87 kn 87 71 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-3.9 ° min to max 5.0 ° -1.8 -1.0 °

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 59 kt with 4.5° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030040°20°0°LIFTOFF4.5° off21° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH01020 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.4° 0 s
Liftoff393 m 59 kt 4.5° 18.2 s
35 ft476 m · 2.4 s after liftoff 59 kt 21.3° 20.6 s
End of the climb543 m · 130 ft 44 kt 36.1° 23.2 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
585m28 %
Liftoff speed100.00
59kt
Runway alignment43.23
18.62m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb93.84
855fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 130 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,455 m of runway left.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 59 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 194 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 19 m at the widest, and lifted off 5.7 m right. Airborne 27 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 18.70 m LROLL 194 M INAirborne 587 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 587 m of 2,124 m · 28 %
Behind the start of the roll, 194 mTakeoff roll, 393 m Left ahead, 1,537 m

The approach to CYKF 14

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 4 nm to 1.2 nm (up to 1,180 ft over), then back on it to 0.5 nm, then high to the threshold (up to 150 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND2,3882,1231,505982594365
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 412 m left of the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND112 m L354 m L363 m L264 m L101 m L80 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 14

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
51ft
Threshold speed9.85
92kt
Centreline offset72.40
0.36m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
204m
Centreline49.83
16.81m L
Speed0.00
87kt
Touchdown rate15.65
-851fpm
Impact46.29
2.19G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 1° right of the track, wings level.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,242 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 51 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 204 m in, 101 m short of the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,242 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

51 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −851 fpm · −1.8° nose down · 87 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 51 ft, down at 204 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 970 fpm at 55 ft to 500 fpm at 41 ft, then back up to 850 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 2.5° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−750−1,500−6°2°10°touchdown−851 fpm at touchdown−1.8° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 1,242 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 9.7 m left of the centreline.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 204 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 204 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 2.19 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 204 m of 1,242 m · 16 %
In the air over the runway, 204 mRollout, 0 m Left over, 1,038 m

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