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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

83.62 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 08
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel71 kg
Wind267° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross
1 Apr 2024 0:08 10 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
82.67 %
Enroute Score
91.52 %
Arrival Score
71.21 %

What went well

Touchdown 318 m in — inside the full-score zone
Straight touchdown — 3.44 m off the centreline, no bounce
Rollout controlled — 17 % of the runway used

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Landing and flare profile at 20 %, g force 0.56 to 2.03 g at 55 %, −3.66 points
Arrival Touchdown — Touchdown VSI was -1,117 ft/m at 0 %, bank angle up to 18.2 ° at 0 %, −3.54 points
Departure Roll — Runway alignment max 35.16 m at 0 %, −3.33 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Roll 80.00Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 68 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 68 knTarget 62 kn
0 % Runway alignment max 35.16 m34.13 m left to 1.04 m right -1.04 25.27 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.06 g 0.97 1.06 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.6 °-0.0 ° min to max 2.4 ° 0.3 2.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.5 ° 0.2 0.4 °

Events

Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 85.34Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
92 % Heading variation -1.1 °-1.7 ° min to max -0.3 ° -1.7 -0.3 °
100 % Average speed 70 kn68 kn min to max 71 kn 68 68 kn
58 % Average bank angle 6.8 °0.1 ° min to max 18.0 ° 0.7 18.0 °
78 % Average g force 1.25 g0.98 g min to max 1.63 g 1.08 1.63 g
Info Average VSI 667 ft/m282 ft/m min to max 1,212 ft/m 282 1,212 ft/m
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 42 ft agl 0 42 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.8 °2.6 ° min to max 19.6 ° 2.6 19.6 °
Enroute Climb 97.31Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,090 ft asl to 1,410 ft asl, an increase of 320 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 61 kn43 kn min to max 70 kn 68 68 kn
100 % Average bank angle 17.2 °1.4 ° min to max 30.0 ° 18.7 3.5 °
73 % Average g force 1.16 g0.55 g min to max 1.72 g 1.63 0.91 g
Info Average VSI 1,163 ft/m-1,315 ft/m min to max 2,185 ft/m 1,279 -61 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,222 ft asl1,090 ft asl min to max 1,414 ft asl 1,090 1,410 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 14.1 °-9.6 ° min to max 21.2 ° 20.1 -0.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 98.91Enroute level cruise started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,465 ft asl1,302 ft asl min to max 1,579 ft asl 1,405 1,573 ft asl
100 % Average speed 108 kn71 kn min to max 124 kn 71 111 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.0 ° min to max 6.4 ° 4.4 1.4 °
89 % Average g force 1.00 g0.75 g min to max 1.44 g 0.91 0.80 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °-6.7 ° min to max 6.4 ° -1.8 -1.4 °
Enroute Climb 2 98.97Enroute climb started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,567 ft asl to 2,260 ft asl, an increase of 693 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 100 kn90 kn min to max 115 kn 112 90 kn
100 % Average bank angle 2.4 °0.0 ° min to max 29.6 ° 1.9 29.6 °
90 % Average g force 1.02 g0.60 g min to max 1.43 g 0.70 0.97 g
Info Average VSI 650 ft/m-592 ft/m min to max 1,642 ft/m -240 1,197 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,890 ft asl1,548 ft asl min to max 2,260 ft asl 1,567 2,260 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.6 °-4.3 ° min to max 8.5 ° -4.3 4.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 2 67.11Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north of CYKI Roseville Field Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted less than 1 minute. , covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
97 % Average altitude 2,090 ft asl1,699 ft asl min to max 2,354 ft asl 2,275 2,310 ft asl
100 % Average speed 97 kn59 kn min to max 133 kn 88 79 kn
45 % Average bank angle 37.3 °1.4 ° min to max 67.5 ° 39.4 1.7 °
0 % Average g force 1.51 g0.47 g min to max 3.29 g 0.96 1.44 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 3.4 °-18.7 ° min to max 32.1 ° 3.0 3.4 °
Enroute Climb 3 81.27Enroute climb started 2 miles north of CYKI Roseville Field Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,318 ft asl to 2,706 ft asl, an increase of 388 ft in 1 minutes and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 91 kn76 kn min to max 100 kn 80 93 kn
60 % Average bank angle 16.8 °0.1 ° min to max 59.8 ° 0.9 1.0 °
71 % Average g force 1.10 g0.67 g min to max 1.75 g 0.97 1.04 g
Info Average VSI 394 ft/m-1,935 ft/m min to max 2,065 ft/m 203 354 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,489 ft asl2,318 ft asl min to max 2,706 ft asl 2,318 2,706 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.1 °-11.3 ° min to max 16.9 ° 2.9 3.0 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 3 98.11Enroute level cruise started 3 miles south east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 2,829 ft asl2,714 ft asl min to max 2,953 ft asl 2,714 2,939 ft asl
100 % Average speed 104 kn92 kn min to max 115 kn 92 96 kn
100 % Average bank angle 6.3 °0.0 ° min to max 27.8 ° 0.9 8.0 °
81 % Average g force 1.00 g0.42 g min to max 1.45 g 1.11 0.62 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-6.1 ° min to max 7.0 ° 2.4 -5.4 °
Enroute Descent 98.91Enroute descent started 2 miles south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 2,915 ft asl to 2,849 ft asl, a decrease of 67 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 97 kn96 kn min to max 99 kn 96 99 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.5 °4.0 ° min to max 4.8 ° 4.8 4.7 °
89 % Average g force 0.85 g0.56 g min to max 1.08 g 0.56 1.08 g
Info Average VSI -1,549 ft/m-1,878 ft/m min to max -1,071 ft/m -1,071 -1,878 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,882 ft asl2,849 ft asl min to max 2,915 ft asl 2,915 2,849 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -10.6 °-11.0 ° min to max -10.2 ° -10.2 -11.0 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival 98.51Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 2 miles south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 98 kn86 kn min to max 106 kn 100 86 kn
100 % Average bank angle 6.5 °0.3 ° min to max 15.4 ° 5.5 3.2 °
93 % Average g force 1.00 g0.73 g min to max 1.38 g 0.97 0.86 g
Info Average VSI -1,469 ft/m-2,361 ft/m min to max -380 ft/m -1,926 -560 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,041 ft asl1,421 ft asl min to max 2,816 ft asl 2,816 1,421 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -7.4 °-12.7 ° min to max 0.2 ° -10.3 -4.2 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 81.10Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 377 ft agl to 31 ft agl. A decrease of 346 ft in 33 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
66 % Approach angle 2.6 °2.0 ° min to max 4.2 °Target 3.0 ° 3.6 2.0 °
100 % Average speed 83 kn72 kn min to max 86 kn 85 81 kn
69 % Heading variation 0.1 °-0.2 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.2 -0.1 °
82 % Average bank angle 4.3 °0.1 ° min to max 9.6 ° 3.4 2.6 °
77 % Average g force 1.06 g0.75 g min to max 1.65 g 0.83 1.03 g
Info Average VSI -766 ft/m-1,294 ft/m min to max 119 ft/m -753 -488 ft/m
Info Average altitude 103 ft agl31 ft agl min to max 377 ft agl 377 31 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.4 °-7.8 ° min to max 4.0 ° -6.0 -0.1 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-100-75-50-250255075100Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 56.11Landing on runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was too high at 81 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
58 % Threshold speed was too high at 81 kn. Target 63 kn
20 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° -0.1 -0.1 °
92 % Average bank angle 3.4 °0.0 ° min to max 5.2 ° 2.5 1.6 °
55 % Average g force 0.95 g0.56 g min to max 2.03 g 1.08 1.40 g
Info Average speed 71 kn64 kn min to max 81 kn 81 66 kn
Info Average VSI -126 ft/m-1,117 ft/m min to max 714 ft/m -486 -1,117 ft/m
Info Average altitude 24 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 41 ft agl 26 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °-9.7 ° min to max 13.7 ° 0.4 2.0 °
07515022530037501123344657Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 57.51Touchdown distance was good at 316 m. Touchdown speed at 66 kn was too fast. Touchdown rate was very heavy at -1,117 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 3.4 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 266 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Touchdown VSI was -1,117 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 316 mTarget 457 m
63 % Speed at touchdown 66 knTarget 53 kn
99 % Runway alignment max 3.44 m3.08 m right -2.60 -3.44 m
0 % Average bank angle 9.2 °1.0 ° min to max 18.2 ° 1.6 18.2 °
4 % Average g force 1.73 g1.17 g min to max 2.93 g 1.40 1.17 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 59 kn51 kn min to max 66 kn 66 51 kn
Info Average pitch angle -8.3 °-14.2 ° min to max 3.5 ° 2.0 -12.8 °
Arrival Rollout 90.14Total landing distance 378 m, 18 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 9.1 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 378 m18 % of runway.
78 % Runway alignment max 9.06 m0.00 m left to 9.06 m right -3.49 -9.06 m
100 % Average g force 0.95 g0.87 g min to max 1.15 g 1.06 1.01 g
Info Average speed 46 kn37 kn min to max 57 kn 57 37 kn
Info Average pitch angle -7.1 °-15.5 ° min to max 1.6 ° -13.2 -0.1 °
Info Average bank angle 10.5 °0.4 ° min to max 21.4 ° 19.2 0.4 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 16 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 30 kn9 kn min to max 37 kn 37 9 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.6 °-0.3 ° min to max 1.0 ° -0.1 0.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.2 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.4 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.01 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.01 1.01 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 68 kt with 2.6° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF2.6° off18° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0102030 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff638 m 68 kt 2.6° 28.5 s
35 ft775 m · 3.4 s after liftoff 69 kt 18.4° 32.0 s
End of the climb782 m · 42 ft 68 kt 19.7° 32.2 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
831m39 %
Liftoff speed100.00
68kt
Runway alignment0.00
34.13m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb85.34
667fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 42 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,155 m of runway left.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 68 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 194 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 34 m at the widest, and lifted off 25 m left. Airborne 39 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 34.26 m LROLL 194 M INAirborne 832 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 832 m of 2,124 m · 39 %
Behind the start of the roll, 194 mTakeoff roll, 638 m Left ahead, 1,292 m

The approach to CYKF 08

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 1.6 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 390 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND874489217
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 372 m right of the centreline at 1.6 nm, then drifted 75 m left between 1.1 and 0.3 nm, then inside the band from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND265 m R58 m L51 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 08

Over the threshold

Threshold height58.53
26ft
Threshold speed57.82
81kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.03m R

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
318m
Centreline98.56
3.44m R
Speed62.62
65kt
Touchdown rate0.00
-1,117fpm
Impact4.00
2.93G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 267° at 2 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 69 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 6 s, an average deceleration of 0.39 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608060 kt · 16 m30 kt · 86 mtouchdown91 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 26 ft, 24 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 318 m in, close to the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

26 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −1,117 fpm · 2° nose up · 66 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 26 ft, down at 318 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

From 31 ft the descent stopped and turned into a climb of 1,240 fpm before coming down at 1,120 fpm to touch. The nose came up 1.6° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−1,000−2,000−10°2°14°touchdown−1,117 fpm at touchdown2° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 3.4 m right of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 4.2 m right at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 318 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 318 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 2.93 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 359 m of 2,124 m · 17 %
In the air over the runway, 318 mRollout, 42 m Left over, 1,765 m
Rollout distance100.00
42m17 % used
Rollout alignment78.08
9.06m R

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