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NZAA
Auckland, New Zealand
Runway 05R
Fuel1,336 kg

Flight Score

94.46 %
NZAA
Auckland, New Zealand
Runway 05R
Fuel1,157 kg
3 Nov 2026 0:08 19 nm Pilatus PC-24 179 kg
Departure Score
95.73 %
Pattern Score
94.84 %
Arrival Score
92.82 %

What went well

Flare on profile — 90 %

What held you back

Pattern Downwind — Average altitude 1,506 ft agl at 0 %, −1.43 points
Departure Roll — Runway alignment max 17.53 m left at 56 %, Takeoff Bounce at 80 %, −1.42 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 13.23 m left at 75 %, −0.96 points

Next time

Departure

Make small rudder corrections against a point at the far end to hold the centreline.

What happened: During the ground roll you drifted 18 m off the runway centreline.

Watch for: Watch runway alignment against the centreline, correcting with small rudder inputs.

See Departure Roll

Arrival

Fly the aircraft onto the runway at the aim point instead of holding it off and letting it float further down the runway.

What happened: This landing touched down well beyond the target point on the runway, with nothing else in the approach or flare accounting for it.

Watch for: Aim point markings: touchdown at the target point on the runway.

See Arrival Touchdown

Downwind. Parallel to the runway, opposite the landing direction, at pattern altitude and roughly 90 kt. The single most important moment of the entire circuit is the point abeam your intended touchdown point. Power back (around 1,700 RPM in a 172 works as a starting value to calibrate), first stage of flap, pre-landing flow, and re-trim. Everything from abeam to touchdown is one continuous energy problem. Arrive at the abeam point high or fast and you'll pay for it ninety seconds later in the flare, which is why analysing only the touchdown so often misdiagnoses the fault.

Read more in Pattern Work

Start to finish · 17 stages, 14 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 05R at NZAA Auckland International Airport, Average speed was 1 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 0 kt0 kt min to max 0 kt 0 0 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.9 ° -1.0 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 0.77 g0.00 g min to max 1.00 g 0.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Battery Master On 5 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 5 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 5 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 5 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 2 5 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 5 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 5 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 5 ft agl
Info Pitot Heat Switched Off 4 ft agl
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 4 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Roll 87.20Departure roll runway 05R at NZAA Auckland International Airport. Takeoff distance 811 m 25 % of runway. Rotation speed was 114 kt. Local weather - Temperature 34 °C. Wind 3 kt at 1 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 1 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 811 m25 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 114 ktTarget 111 kt
56 % Runway alignment max 17.53 m left17.53 m left to 2.94 m right -1.12 11.28 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.03 g 1.00 1.01 g
80 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.0 ° min to max 5.7 ° -0.9 5.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.0 1.2 °

Events

Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 4 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 05R NZAA Auckland International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.6 -0.4 °
100 % Average speed 136 kt120 kt min to max 150 kt 120 150 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.5 °0.0 ° min to max 2.7 ° 1.3 2.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.75 g min to max 1.28 g 1.02 1.10 g
Info Average VSI 721 fpm418 fpm min to max 987 fpm 418 987 fpm
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl-1 ft agl min to max 31 ft agl 0 31 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.8 °2.4 ° min to max 8.4 ° 5.7 8.4 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 3 ft agl · 135 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 3 ft agl · 140 kt
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 05R NZAA Auckland International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 155 kt150 kt min to max 168 kt 150 168 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.3 °0.1 ° min to max 2.6 ° 2.6 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.10 g0.92 g min to max 1.23 g 1.10 0.92 g
Info Average VSI 1,407 fpm1,002 fpm min to max 2,770 fpm 1,002 2,770 fpm
Info Average altitude 72 ft agl32 ft agl min to max 273 ft agl 32 273 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.1 °7.9 ° min to max 12.2 ° 8.5 10.2 °
Pattern Entry 100.00Right hand pattern entry from runway 05R NZAA Auckland International Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 31 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 177 kt170 kt min to max 184 kt 170 179 kt
100 % Average bank angle 21.6 °6.1 ° min to max 26.4 ° 6.1 18.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.72 g min to max 1.16 g 0.89 1.08 g
Info Average VSI 2,201 fpm-517 fpm min to max 4,057 fpm 2,718 -499 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,103 ft agl320 ft agl min to max 1,525 ft agl 320 1,496 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.2 °0.6 ° min to max 14.1 ° 9.3 0.8 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 457 ft agl · 180 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 562 ft agl · 183 kt
Pattern Crosswind 100.00Right hand pattern crosswind from runway 05R NZAA Auckland International Airport. Distance was 1 nm in 22 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading -1.4 °-17.8 ° min to max 17.6 ° -17.8 17.6 °
100 % Average speed 183 kt180 kt min to max 184 kt 180 184 kt
100 % Average g force 1.06 g0.99 g min to max 1.12 g 1.08 1.05 g
Info Average VSI 31 fpm-467 fpm min to max 310 fpm -467 20 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,482 ft agl1,461 ft agl min to max 1,504 ft agl 1,489 1,504 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 17.6 °15.7 ° min to max 22.7 ° 17.9 22.7 °
Info Average pitch angle 2.3 °1.0 ° min to max 3.0 ° 1.1 2.1 °
Pattern Downwind Turn 100.00Pattern Downwind Turn. Distance was 3 nm. Angle to the runway's far end 82.9 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 186 kt184 kt min to max 188 kt 184 188 kt
100 % Average bank angle 26.4 °22.9 ° min to max 27.9 ° 22.9 26.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.12 g1.04 g min to max 1.19 g 1.08 1.16 g
Info Average VSI -77 fpm-367 fpm min to max 425 fpm -1 425 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,483 ft agl1,459 ft agl min to max 1,504 ft agl 1,504 1,475 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °1.1 ° min to max 3.8 ° 2.1 3.8 °
Pattern Downwind 70.00Pattern Downwind Leg. Distance was 7 nm in 122 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading 0.5 °-19.9 ° min to max 16.5 ° -19.9 16.5 °
0 % Average altitude 1,506 ft agl1,450 ft agl min to max 1,594 ft agl 1,483 1,460 ft agl
100 % Average speed 184 kt168 kt min to max 192 kt 187 168 kt
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.78 g min to max 1.22 g 1.16 1.07 g
Info Average VSI -7 fpm-900 fpm min to max 595 fpm 521 27 fpm
Info Average bank angle 3.8 °0.0 ° min to max 26.1 ° 26.1 17.8 °
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °-1.5 ° min to max 3.9 ° 3.9 3.3 °

Events

Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 1,568 ft agl · 198 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,513 ft agl · 202 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,531 ft agl · 196 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,519 ft agl · 196 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,495 ft agl · 187 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Activated 1,495 ft agl · 187 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,497 ft agl · 187 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Deactivated 1,497 ft agl · 187 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,497 ft agl · 186 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Activated 1,497 ft agl · 186 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,497 ft agl · 183 kt
Pattern Base Leg Turn 94.95Pattern Base Leg Turn. Distance was 6 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 25.8 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
83 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 25.8 °.
100 % Average speed 154 kt145 kt min to max 166 kt 166 145 kt
100 % Average bank angle 22.7 °17.1 ° min to max 30.9 ° 17.1 30.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g1.01 g min to max 1.14 g 1.04 1.14 g
Info Average VSI -123 fpm-445 fpm min to max 67 fpm 67 -445 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,453 ft agl1,425 ft agl min to max 1,463 ft agl 1,461 1,425 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.2 °3.0 ° min to max 3.3 ° 3.2 3.3 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 1,484 ft agl · 169 kt
Pattern Base Leg 100.00Pattern Base Leg. Distance was 1 nm in 28 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading -3.0 °-17.2 ° min to max 7.9 ° -17.2 7.9 °
100 % Average speed 135 kt128 kt min to max 144 kt 144 129 kt
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.96 g min to max 1.17 g 1.15 1.06 g
Info Average VSI 57 fpm-460 fpm min to max 544 fpm -460 -311 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,430 ft agl1,385 ft agl min to max 1,459 ft agl 1,409 1,445 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 9.4 °0.1 ° min to max 29.5 ° 29.5 27.0 °
Info Average pitch angle 5.5 °3.3 ° min to max 6.7 ° 3.3 5.4 °

Events

Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,431 ft agl · 147 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Deactivated 1,431 ft agl · 147 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,458 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Activated 1,458 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 1,482 ft agl · 135 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,482 ft agl · 135 kt
Info Autopilot Backcourse Hold Deactivated 1,482 ft agl · 135 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 1,477 ft agl · 135 kt
Pattern Final Turn 98.93Pattern Final Turn. Distance was 2 nm in 65 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 131 kt121 kt min to max 146 kt 129 125 kt
98 % Average bank angle 13.4 °0.5 ° min to max 32.4 ° 30.2 1.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.80 g min to max 1.23 g 1.10 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -159 fpm-1,090 fpm min to max 968 fpm -435 -312 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,410 ft agl1,263 ft agl min to max 1,560 ft agl 1,433 1,263 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.3 °0.0 ° min to max 9.5 ° 5.2 1.2 °

Events

Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 1,582 ft agl · 146 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 1,512 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 1,493 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,458 ft agl · 142 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 1,458 ft agl · 142 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 1,458 ft agl · 142 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,315 ft agl · 130 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,315 ft agl · 130 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Disarmed 1,315 ft agl · 130 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 1,305 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 1,305 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 1,305 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Arrival Approach Final approach to runway 05R at NZAA Auckland International Airport. Descent from 1,291 ft agl to 53 ft agl in 110 seconds. Not scored on a circuit: the stabilisation gate is shown for reference.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
100 % Sink ratepassed at both gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
0 % On centrelinefailed at both gates
50 % On speedfailed at one of the two gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 987 ft agl · 132 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 1,302 ft agl · 131 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 483 ft agl · 133 kt
Arrival Landing 97.11Landing on runway 05R at NZAA Auckland International Airport, runway length 3,284 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was slightly above target at 121 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
98 % Threshold speed was slightly above target at 121 kt. Target 110 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
90 % The flare mostly held the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 1.9° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 683 m past the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.
99.7 % Runway alignment max 8.16 m left8.16 m left to 5.16 m left 5.90 8.16 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.1 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.1 0.1 °
100 % Peak g force 1.08 g0.92 g min to max 1.08 g 1.02 0.92 g
Info Average speed 115 kt106 kt min to max 121 kt 121 106 kt
Info Average VSI -257 fpm-538 fpm min to max -26 fpm -538 -204 fpm
Info Average altitude 11 ft agl-4 ft agl min to max 41 ft agl 41 -4 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.5 °3.0 ° min to max 5.7 ° 3.0 4.9 °

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 14 ft agl · 120 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 14 ft agl · 120 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 14 ft agl · 120 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 14 ft agl · 120 kt
07515022530037545052560067575082501123344657Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750825-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 85.66Touchdown point was 257 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 106 kt was good. Touchdown rate was fair at -275 fpm. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 9.1 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 32 °C. Wind 3 kt at 1 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Headwind: 1 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
77 % Touchdown rate was -275 fpm.
75 % Touchdown distance was 683 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 106 ktTarget below 110 kt
90 % Runway alignment max 9.06 m left8.56 m left 8.16 9.06 m
97 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.1 ° min to max 2.5 ° 0.1 2.5 °
90 % Peak g force 1.42 g0.92 g min to max 1.42 g 0.92 1.07 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 106 kt106 kt min to max 106 kt 106 106 kt
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °4.9 ° min to max 5.4 ° 4.9 5.4 °
Arrival Rollout 88.53Total landing distance 1,425 m, 43 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 13.2 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,425 m43 % of runway.
75 % Runway alignment max 13.23 m left13.23 m left to 7.29 m right 13.06 -7.29 m
99.7 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.31 g 1.06 0.99 g
Info Average speed 84 kt54 kt min to max 107 kt 107 54 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.2 °-1.2 ° min to max 9.0 ° 5.5 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 3.6 ° 2.6 0.2 °

Events

Info Stall Warning Activated 10 ft agl · 100 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 5 ft agl · 96 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 39 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 39 kt20 kt min to max 54 kt 54 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.8 ° -0.9 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.3 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.04 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 4 ft agl · 37 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 4 ft agl · 37 kt
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 9 kt0 kt min to max 19 kt 19 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 ktmax 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.9 ° -0.9 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Info Parking Brake On 4 ft agl · 3 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 114 kt, and lifted off at 120 kt 1.4 s later, the nose coming up at 4.5° a second.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second.

180 kt12060020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFF5.7° off · 4.5°/s9° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0102030 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 9 kt -0.9° 0 s
80 kt306 m 80 kt -0.9° 13.2 s
Rotate671 m 114 kt -0.4° 20.4 s
Liftoff756 m · +6 kt from rotation 120 kt 5.7° 21.7 s
35 ft1,266 m · 7.0 s after liftoff 151 kt 8.6° 28.7 s
End of the climb1,854 m · 273 ft 168 kt 10.2° 36.6 s

Takeoff from NZAA 05R

Runway alignment56.00
17.53m L
Bounce on takeoff80.00
Yes

Side view from the start of the roll to 273 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,963 m of runway left; then climbing at 1,100 fpm on average to 273 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 114 ktLiftoff 120 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 3,284 m runway.

Rolled from 56 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 18 m at the widest, and lifted off 12 m left. Airborne 24 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

1,0002,0003,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 17.70 m LROLL 56 M INAirborne 812 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 812 m of 3,284 m · 25 %
Behind the start of the roll, 56 mTakeoff roll, 756 m Left ahead, 2,473 m

Landing

The threshold, the flare and the hold-off. The approach that led to it is the stabilisation gates below.

99.75Centreline offset8.16 m L
Flare 90.33The flare mostly held the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 1.9° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 683 m past the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.

The circuit to NZAA 05R

Right-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 1.9 nm out at 185 kt

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING1234crosswinddownwindbase90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5002,0000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKcircuit height 1,000 ftturn crosswind from 500 ft26°128°231°332°4distance flown →
HeightBankA turnCircuit height ±50 ft30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
1,410 ft
Bank
26°
Speed
174 kt

Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.

2Onto downwind
Bank
28°
Height
1,506 ft on 1,000 ft
Speed
184 kt
Out
2.9 nm 1.9 suits 185 kt

High on downwind: 1,506 ft against 1,000 ft, 506 ft above.

Downwind. Parallel to the runway, opposite the landing direction, at pattern altitude and roughly 90 kt. The single most important moment of the entire circuit is the point abeam your intended touchdown point. Power back (around 1,700 RPM in a 172 works as a starting value to calibrate), first stage of flap, pre-landing flow, and re-trim. Everything from abeam to touchdown is one continuous energy problem. Arrive at the abeam point high or fast and you'll pay for it ninety seconds later in the flare, which is why analysing only the touchdown so often misdiagnoses the fault.

Read more in Pattern Work
3Base turn
Angle
26° target 45°
Bank
31°
Height
1,452 ft

Late: turned base with the threshold 26° behind, against 45°.

The stopwatch. From abeam the threshold, fly roughly 30 to 45 seconds before turning base, in nil wind at 172 speeds. Treat that as a starting value and calibrate it. If your finals keep coming out at 400 ft instead of 500, add a few seconds. Then adjust for wind, roughly a second per knot of headwind on final (a headwind on final is a tailwind on downwind, carrying you further from the field per second).

Read more in Pattern Work
4Final turn
Bank
32°
Overshoot
237 m
Speed
131 kt

Overshot: went 237 m through the centreline turning final.

Overshooting final. A tailwind component on base sweeps you through the extended centreline, the instinctive correction is to steepen the bank and, when that's not enough, to skid the turn with rudder. In a real aircraft this is the base-to-final stall-spin scenario that kills people. The sim under-punishes it, because a spring yoke transmits no lightening of control force, there's no buffet through your hands, and no seat-of-the-pants sensation of the skid. You get the numbers of the skidded turn without the feel of it. The correct response is the same in both worlds and needs practising until it's reflexive. Don't steepen past 30 degrees, and if you've blown through the centreline, go around and reset.

Read more in Pattern Work
Entry100Crosswind100Turn onto downwind100Downwind70Base turn95Base100Final turn99

The approach to NZAA 05R

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 4 nm to the threshold, never more than 60 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND1,2801,012741547370204
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 237 m left of the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND187 m L174 m L80 m L76 m L51 m L20 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

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Flight narrative

The Pilatus PC-24 departed from runway 05R at NZAA Auckland International Airport. Take-off was performed on a distance of 811 m, which is 25 % of the runway. Rotation occurred at 114 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 34 °C, wind 3 kt from 001°, giving a 3 kt cross-wind and a 1 kt head-wind.

The aircraft climbed to 400 ft agl in 14 seconds, averaging 1,113 fpm and reaching 168 kt at the top of the initial climb. A right-hand circuit was flown for 5 minutes. The downwind leg was 7 nm and was completed in 122 seconds at 1,510 ft agl; the base leg was 1 nm and was completed in 28 seconds.

On final approach to runway 05R the descent was from 1,291 ft agl to 53 ft agl in 110 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway were met for gear down, landing flap, sink rate, glideslope, and wings level; they were not met for centreline and speed at one gate.

Landing was on runway 05R, whose length is 3,284 m. The threshold speed was slightly above target at 121 kt. The flare was described as very good, with little round-out. Touchdown occurred 257 m beyond the touchdown zone, at a speed of 106 kt and a rate of -275 fpm. The touchdown point was misaligned by 9.1 m from the centreline and a single bounce was observed. Total landing distance was 1,425 m, 43 % of the runway, and the rollout was slightly misaligned by 13.2 m from the centreline.

Local weather at landing was temperature 32 °C, wind 3 kt from 001°, giving a 3 kt cross-wind and a 1 kt head-wind. After landing, the aircraft taxied to parking in less than 1 minute, covering less than 1 nm.

The entire flight covered 19 nm, lasted 8 minutes, and used 179 kg of fuel.

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