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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

90.05 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 08
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel70 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn
22 Mar 2024 0:09 11 nm Cessna Skyhawk 6 kg
Departure Score
90.64 %
Enroute Score
97.71 %
Arrival Score
77.26 %

What went well

Touchdown 478 m in — inside the full-score zone
Airborne in 525 m — 25 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Touchdown — Speed at touchdown 94 kn at 0 %, Runway alignment max 19.51 m at 40 %, −2.90 points
Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 106 kn at 0 %, bank angle up to 8.7 ° at 83 %, −2.72 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 2.8 ° at 58 %, bank angle up to 17.7 ° at 60 %, −1.64 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 16 stages, 15 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Departure Roll 95.95Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 56 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 56 knTarget 62 kn
80 % Runway alignment max 9.65 m8.61 m left to 1.04 m right -1.04 5.56 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.05 g 1.01 1.05 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °0.3 ° min to max 4.3 ° 0.3 4.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.2 0.1 °

Events

Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 97.74Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.5 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.5 -0.6 °
100 % Average speed 61 kn58 kn min to max 62 kn 58 61 kn
91 % Average bank angle 3.6 °0.5 ° min to max 5.4 ° 0.5 1.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g0.97 g min to max 1.20 g 1.20 1.05 g
Info Average VSI 508 ft/m272 ft/m min to max 742 ft/m 272 742 ft/m
Info Average altitude 16 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 41 ft agl 0 41 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.6 °4.6 ° min to max 10.5 ° 5.9 10.5 °
Departure Climb 2 91.82Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
71 % Heading variation -1.4 °-4.3 ° min to max -0.6 ° -0.6 -4.3 °
100 % Average speed 59 kn52 kn min to max 61 kn 61 52 kn
97 % Average bank angle 1.4 °0.0 ° min to max 3.1 ° 1.8 1.2 °
98 % Average g force 1.02 g0.77 g min to max 1.29 g 1.05 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 890 ft/m524 ft/m min to max 1,258 ft/m 750 858 ft/m
Info Average altitude 121 ft agl42 ft agl min to max 378 ft agl 42 378 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 11.7 °5.8 ° min to max 16.9 ° 10.5 13.2 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 142 ft agl · 67 kt
Departure Climb 3 77.71Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Heading variation -7.4 °-10.1 ° min to max -4.6 ° -4.6 -10.1 °
100 % Average speed 50 kn42 kn min to max 68 kn 51 68 kn
91 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 5.3 ° 1.5 5.3 °
94 % Average g force 0.98 g0.65 g min to max 1.21 g 0.99 1.06 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 543 ft/m-379 ft/m min to max 940 ft/m 922 685 ft/m
Info Average altitude 735 ft agl394 ft agl min to max 976 ft agl 394 976 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.3 °-0.8 ° min to max 15.4 ° 13.7 7.7 °
Enroute Climb 99.54Enroute climb started 1 mile south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,037 ft asl to 2,517 ft asl, an increase of 481 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 89 kn69 kn min to max 101 kn 69 101 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.1 °0.0 ° min to max 3.4 ° 3.1 0.6 °
95 % Average g force 0.99 g0.76 g min to max 1.33 g 0.76 0.98 g
Info Average VSI 410 ft/m-298 ft/m min to max 1,004 ft/m 653 40 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,289 ft asl2,033 ft asl min to max 2,530 ft asl 2,037 2,517 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 2.9 °-1.8 ° min to max 6.2 ° 3.7 -0.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 2,544 ft asl2,415 ft asl min to max 2,679 ft asl 2,518 2,513 ft asl
100 % Average speed 107 kn94 kn min to max 115 kn 102 101 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 3.2 ° 1.7 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.79 g min to max 1.22 g 1.05 0.99 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.2 °-5.2 ° min to max 6.0 ° 0.4 2.6 °
Enroute Descent 89.07Enroute descent started 2 miles south east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 2,521 ft asl to 2,054 ft asl, a decrease of 468 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 116 kn97 kn min to max 140 kn 100 113 kn
81 % Average bank angle 29.8 °0.6 ° min to max 49.6 ° 0.6 1.0 °
67 % Average g force 1.25 g0.44 g min to max 1.82 g 0.98 0.61 g
Info Average VSI -797 ft/m-3,449 ft/m min to max 2,428 ft/m 505 1,228 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,263 ft asl1,892 ft asl min to max 2,551 ft asl 2,521 2,054 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.5 °-14.4 ° min to max 12.2 ° 2.4 0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 2 99.37Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north west of CYKI Roseville Field Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 2,054 ft asl2,029 ft asl min to max 2,084 ft asl 2,055 2,033 ft asl
100 % Average speed 107 kn102 kn min to max 112 kn 112 107 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.1 ° min to max 6.4 ° 4.0 3.9 °
94 % Average g force 0.99 g0.64 g min to max 1.18 g 0.64 0.94 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-5.6 ° min to max 4.8 ° -2.4 -5.6 °
Enroute Descent 2 99.54Enroute descent started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 2,017 ft asl to 1,766 ft asl, a decrease of 252 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 113 kn109 kn min to max 121 kn 109 121 kn
100 % Average bank angle 2.5 °0.0 ° min to max 7.2 ° 2.7 1.5 °
95 % Average g force 1.01 g0.67 g min to max 1.31 g 1.17 1.31 g
Info Average VSI -500 ft/m-1,480 ft/m min to max 176 ft/m -914 -966 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,935 ft asl1,766 ft asl min to max 2,017 ft asl 2,017 1,766 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-8.1 ° min to max 1.0 ° -3.6 -2.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 3 98.74Enroute level cruise started 2 miles south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,667 ft asl1,530 ft asl min to max 1,774 ft asl 1,761 1,530 ft asl
100 % Average speed 104 kn83 kn min to max 120 kn 120 111 kn
100 % Average bank angle 15.0 °0.5 ° min to max 36.0 ° 0.5 4.1 °
87 % Average g force 1.06 g0.80 g min to max 1.47 g 1.10 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.8 °-7.8 ° min to max 10.1 ° -1.2 -3.5 °
Arrival 100.00Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 2 miles south west of CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 111 kn111 kn min to max 111 kn 111 111 kn
100 % Average bank angle 7.4 °0.7 ° min to max 12.2 ° 0.7 9.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.85 g min to max 1.08 g 1.04 0.85 g
Info Average VSI -473 ft/m-583 ft/m min to max -380 ft/m -583 -380 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,510 ft asl1,500 ft asl min to max 1,520 ft asl 1,520 1,500 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.3 °-2.9 ° min to max -1.6 ° -2.9 -2.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 2 96.18Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 461 ft agl to 431 ft agl. A decrease of 30 ft in 2 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
92 % Approach angle 4.0 °4.0 ° min to max 4.1 °Target 3.0 ° 4.1 4.0 °
100 % Average speed 111 kn111 kn min to max 111 kn 111 111 kn
100 % Heading variation 0.5 °0.5 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.5 0.5 °
93 % Average bank angle 2.9 °0.9 ° min to max 5.5 ° 5.5 2.4 °
100 % Average g force 0.90 g0.77 g min to max 1.09 g 0.85 1.09 g
Info Average VSI -706 ft/m-848 ft/m min to max -505 ft/m -505 -848 ft/m
Info Average altitude 446 ft agl431 ft agl min to max 461 ft agl 461 431 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -4.7 °-5.8 ° min to max -4.1 ° -4.1 -4.4 °
11.251.51.752350400450Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-50-38-25-13013253850Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Final 1 80.31Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 416 ft agl to 43 ft agl. A decrease of 372 ft in 24 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
58 % Approach angle 2.8 °2.3 ° min to max 4.0 °Target 3.0 ° 4.0 2.4 °
100 % Average speed 108 kn106 kn min to max 114 kn 111 106 kn
87 % Heading variation 0.5 °0.2 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.4 0.4 °
60 % Average bank angle 4.4 °0.0 ° min to max 17.7 ° 4.5 6.1 °
94 % Average g force 1.09 g0.64 g min to max 1.26 g 0.86 1.08 g
Info Average VSI -870 ft/m-1,350 ft/m min to max -349 ft/m -913 -417 ft/m
Info Average altitude 113 ft agl43 ft agl min to max 416 ft agl 416 43 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.5 °-7.3 ° min to max -0.8 ° -6.1 -0.8 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-50-38-25-13013253850Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 67.37Landing on runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was excessively high at 106 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 106 kn. Target 63 kn
97 % Landing and flare profile
96 % Heading variation 0.4 °0.3 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.4 0.6 °
83 % Average bank angle 3.5 °0.0 ° min to max 8.6 ° 6.1 1.2 °
89 % Average g force 1.01 g0.55 g min to max 1.11 g 1.08 1.03 g
Info Average speed 101 kn94 kn min to max 106 kn 106 94 kn
Info Average VSI -310 ft/m-580 ft/m min to max -10 ft/m -405 -196 ft/m
Info Average altitude 13 ft agl-2 ft agl min to max 38 ft agl 38 -2 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.4 °-5.2 ° min to max 0.8 ° -0.7 -0.7 °
07515022530037545052501223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 65.17Touchdown point was 115 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 94 kn was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was good at -196 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 19.5 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
85 % Touchdown VSI was -196 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 479 mTarget 457 m
0 % Speed at touchdown 94 knTarget 53 kn
40 % Runway alignment max 19.51 m18.62 m left 17.54 19.51 m
64 % Average bank angle 3.2 °1.2 ° min to max 4.9 ° 1.2 2.0 °
97 % Average g force 1.06 g0.69 g min to max 1.23 g 1.03 1.14 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 92 kn90 kn min to max 94 kn 94 90 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.3 °-2.8 ° min to max 1.0 ° -0.7 0.9 °

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 56 kt with 5.9° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF5.9° off10° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0306090 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff348 m 56 kt 5.9° 17.2 s
35 ft491 m · 4.1 s after liftoff 62 kt 10.0° 21.3 s
End of Climb 33,223 m · 977 ft 68 kt 7.7° 118 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
525m25 %
Liftoff speed100.00
56kt
Runway alignment79.73
8.61m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb97.74
507fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 977 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,441 m of runway left; then climbing at 580 fpm on average to 977 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 56 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 192 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 8.7 m at the widest, and lifted off 5.2 m left. Airborne 25 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 8.70 m LROLL 192 M INAirborne 541 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 541 m of 2,124 m · 25 %
Behind the start of the roll, 192 mTakeoff roll, 348 m Left ahead, 1,584 m

The approach to CYKF 08

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 130 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND574477243
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 326 m right of the centreline at 1.8 nm, then inside it from 1.4 to 0.5 nm, then 39 m left of it from 0.5 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND95 m R15 m L17 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 08

Over the threshold

Threshold height83.53
37ft
Threshold speed0.00
105kt
Centreline offset95.60
0.19m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
478m
Centreline40.00
19.51m L
Speed0.00
94kt
Touchdown rate84.60
-196fpm
Impact96.57
1.23G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 2° left of the track, wings level.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 37 ft, 13 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 478 m in, 174 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

37 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −196 fpm · −0.7° nose down · 94 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 37 ft, down at 478 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 310 fpm at 43 ft to 90 fpm at 6 ft, then back up to 200 fpm at touchdown. The pitch barely changed.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−6°2°10°touchdown−196 fpm at touchdown−0.7° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 20 m left of the centreline.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 478 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 478 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 478 m of 2,124 m · 23 %
In the air over the runway, 478 mRollout, 0 m Left over, 1,646 m

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