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CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight997 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn

Flight Score

81.45 %
CYKF
Kitchener, Canada
Runway 08
Elevation1,030 ft asl
Weight992 kg
Fuel71 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn
3 Apr 2024 0:08 10 nm Cessna Skyhawk 5 kg
Departure Score
83.49 %
Enroute Score
82.80 %
Arrival Score
72.95 %

What went well

Touchdown 456 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 27 % of the runway used
Airborne in 752 m — 35 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Landing and flare profile at 0 %, Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn at 54 %, −4.81 points
Enroute Descent — bank angle up to 103.7 ° at 0 %, g force 0.31 to 3.54 g at 0 %, −3.33 points
Arrival Final 1 — Approach angle 8.0 ° at 0 %, Heading variation 0.1 ° at 88 %, −2.04 points

Next time

Work on the flare

See Arrival Landing

Fast at the threshold, normal flare, and the runway seems to refuse the aircraft. The instinctive fix - pushing it on - causes the next one. A fast aircraft forced onto the runway touches nosewheel-first or nearly so. The tell is a touchdown that feels soft followed by a bounce that steepens. Pilots fix the bounce recovery; the cause was the 10 knots at the threshold.

Read more in VRef Explained

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Roll 77.16Departure roll runway 26 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo. Takeoff distance 0 m 0 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 74 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 0 m0 % of runway
85 % Liftoff speed was 74 knTarget 62 kn
51 % Runway alignment max 22.99 m6.40 m left to 16.59 m right -1.04 -16.59 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.13 g 1.00 1.13 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.1 ° min to max 3.4 ° 0.3 3.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 2.9 ° 0.2 0.9 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights OFF should be ON
Fail Strobe Light OFF should be ON
Info Landing Gear Down 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 97.01Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
94 % Heading variation 1.4 °1.3 ° min to max 1.5 ° 1.3 1.5 °
100 % Average speed 74 kn73 kn min to max 74 kn 74 73 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.7 1.6 °
85 % Average g force 1.40 g1.16 g min to max 1.52 g 1.19 1.16 g
Info Average VSI 725 ft/m504 ft/m min to max 923 ft/m 504 923 ft/m
Info Average altitude 10 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 27 ft agl 0 27 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.7 °4.1 ° min to max 12.0 ° 4.1 11.9 °
Departure Climb 2 80.49Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
41 % Heading variation 2.8 °1.6 ° min to max 6.7 ° 1.6 6.7 °
100 % Average speed 68 kn59 kn min to max 75 kn 71 61 kn
85 % Average bank angle 2.9 °0.4 ° min to max 7.6 ° 1.0 0.4 °
88 % Average g force 1.01 g0.73 g min to max 1.46 g 1.07 1.06 g
Info Average VSI 1,279 ft/m196 ft/m min to max 1,982 ft/m 1,348 552 ft/m
Info Average altitude 142 ft agl57 ft agl min to max 379 ft agl 57 379 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 12.2 °2.8 ° min to max 18.0 ° 13.8 7.3 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 240 ft agl · 76 kt
Departure Climb 3 79.29Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
4 % Heading variation 8.5 °7.2 ° min to max 9.8 ° 7.2 9.8 °
100 % Average speed 60 kn57 kn min to max 62 kn 61 60 kn
92 % Average bank angle 1.3 °0.0 ° min to max 4.9 ° 0.3 4.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.14 g 1.07 0.92 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 858 ft/m375 ft/m min to max 1,234 ft/m 585 901 ft/m
Info Average altitude 514 ft agl389 ft agl min to max 633 ft agl 389 633 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.7 °6.0 ° min to max 13.6 ° 8.4 8.0 °
Enroute Climb 70.83Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,691 ft asl to 2,413 ft asl, an increase of 722 ft in 2 minutes and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 45 kn21 kn min to max 80 kn 60 39 kn
48 % Average bank angle 5.7 °0.0 ° min to max 66.2 ° 5.8 4.1 °
18 % Average g force 1.02 g0.47 g min to max 2.68 g 1.25 1.19 g
Info Average VSI 476 ft/m-4,904 ft/m min to max 3,117 ft/m 840 62 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,044 ft asl1,663 ft asl min to max 2,423 ft asl 1,691 2,413 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 10.5 °-43.2 ° min to max 37.5 ° 13.7 17.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Stall Warning Activated 891 ft agl · 54 kt
Fail Stall Warning Activated 1,384 ft agl · 50 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 999 ft agl · 43 kt
Info Stall Warning Activated 650 ft agl · 87 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 638 ft agl · 84 kt
Info Stall Warning Activated 664 ft agl · 76 kt
Info Stall Warning Deactivated 775 ft agl · 56 kt
Enroute Descent 50.00Enroute descent started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 2,423 ft asl to 2,107 ft asl, a decrease of 316 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 52 kn30 kn min to max 112 kn 36 94 kn
0 % Average bank angle 20.4 °1.0 ° min to max 103.7 ° 3.1 12.7 °
0 % Average g force 1.23 g0.31 g min to max 3.54 g 1.12 1.04 g
Info Average VSI -583 ft/m-7,363 ft/m min to max 3,686 ft/m 407 3,686 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,365 ft asl1,925 ft asl min to max 2,525 ft asl 2,423 2,107 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.6 °-52.2 ° min to max 21.7 ° 19.0 21.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Stall Warning Deactivated 1,401 ft agl · 58 kt
Enroute Climb 2 98.63Enroute climb started overhead CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 2,171 ft asl to 4,253 ft asl, an increase of 2,082 ft in 3 minutes and covering 4 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 82 kn62 kn min to max 96 kn 87 76 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.4 °0.0 ° min to max 12.7 ° 9.4 0.5 °
86 % Average g force 1.01 g0.60 g min to max 1.49 g 0.87 0.95 g
Info Average VSI 935 ft/m-758 ft/m min to max 3,760 ft/m 3,760 2,026 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,844 ft asl2,171 ft asl min to max 4,253 ft asl 2,171 4,253 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 6.1 °-4.9 ° min to max 20.2 ° 20.2 11.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada) and lasted less than 1 minute. , covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 4,344 ft asl4,300 ft asl min to max 4,412 ft asl 4,369 4,400 ft asl
100 % Average speed 93 kn72 kn min to max 103 kn 72 93 kn
100 % Average bank angle 19.8 °1.9 ° min to max 37.5 ° 7.7 37.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.78 g min to max 1.19 g 0.80 0.98 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -1.3 °-5.9 ° min to max 3.1 ° 2.0 -3.2 °
Enroute Descent 2 94.55Enroute descent started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 4,384 ft asl to 2,865 ft asl, a decrease of 1,519 ft in 2 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 107 kn82 kn min to max 124 kn 95 102 kn
93 % Average bank angle 20.2 °4.8 ° min to max 43.4 ° 39.8 18.7 °
73 % Average g force 1.09 g0.62 g min to max 1.72 g 0.94 0.65 g
Info Average VSI -905 ft/m-3,207 ft/m min to max 2,117 ft/m -762 -1,701 ft/m
Info Average altitude 3,796 ft asl2,865 ft asl min to max 4,401 ft asl 4,384 2,865 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -4.6 °-17.0 ° min to max 12.2 ° -6.1 -13.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 2,096 ft agl · 130 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 2,058 ft agl · 128 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,028 ft agl · 127 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 2,004 ft agl · 126 kt
Arrival 98.51Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started 3 miles east of Kitchener (Ontario, Canada).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 107 kn100 kn min to max 113 kn 102 100 kn
100 % Average bank angle 11.6 °0.1 ° min to max 18.7 ° 18.1 0.8 °
93 % Average g force 1.03 g0.67 g min to max 1.38 g 0.69 1.20 g
Info Average VSI -2,261 ft/m-3,944 ft/m min to max -1,163 ft/m -2,366 -1,760 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,328 ft asl1,988 ft asl min to max 2,820 ft asl 2,820 1,988 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -11.9 °-22.3 ° min to max -5.2 ° -16.5 -8.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 75.50Approaching runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 937 ft agl to 105 ft agl. A decrease of 832 ft in 28 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Approach angle 8.0 °5.7 ° min to max 9.5 °Target 3.0 ° 9.0 5.9 °
100 % Average speed 95 kn85 kn min to max 99 kn 99 85 kn
88 % Heading variation 0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.8 -0.1 °
90 % Average bank angle 3.1 °0.2 ° min to max 6.8 ° 0.9 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.79 g min to max 1.16 g 1.16 1.13 g
Info Average VSI -1,747 ft/m-2,330 ft/m min to max -834 ft/m -1,436 -846 ft/m
Info Average altitude 521 ft agl105 ft agl min to max 937 ft agl 937 105 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -9.9 °-13.2 ° min to max -2.9 ° -6.7 -2.9 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 276 ft agl · 102 kt
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850900Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-80-60-40-20020406080Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 42.26Landing on runway 08 at CYKF Kitchener\/Waterloo, runway length 2,124 m. Threshold height at 93 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
54 % Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn. Target 63 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.2 ° -0.1 0.2 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.1 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.90 g min to max 1.14 g 1.06 0.97 g
Info Average speed 71 kn62 kn min to max 82 kn 82 62 kn
Info Average VSI -547 ft/m-615 ft/m min to max -419 ft/m -608 -504 ft/m
Info Average altitude 48 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 93 ft agl 93 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.4 °-3.7 ° min to max -0.6 ° -2.0 -2.4 °
07515022530037545052501937567593Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 80.97Touchdown point was 49 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 62 knwas fast. Touchdown rate was very hard at -504 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 5.4 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Tailwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
52 % Touchdown VSI was -504 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 423 mTarget 457 m
79 % Speed at touchdown 62 knTarget 53 kn
92 % Runway alignment max 5.37 m4.88 m left 4.33 5.37 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.7 1.6 °
70 % Average g force 1.05 g0.40 g min to max 1.78 g 0.97 0.82 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 58 kn48 kn min to max 62 kn 62 48 kn
Info Average pitch angle -1.3 °-11.8 ° min to max 4.2 ° -2.4 -5.9 °
Arrival Rollout 93.06Total landing distance 646 m, 30 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 646 m30 % of runway.
85 % Runway alignment max 7.28 m7.28 m left to 0.00 m left 5.40 7.28 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.85 g min to max 1.12 g 0.85 0.99 g
Info Average speed 50 kn32 kn min to max 57 kn 57 32 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.0 °-4.8 ° min to max 5.3 ° -2.9 -0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.7 0.1 °

Events

Info Bounce during touchdown 3 ft agl · 38 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 7 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 19 kn10 kn min to max 27 kn 27 10 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-0.2 ° min to max 0.0 ° -0.2 0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 73 kt with 4.1° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF4.1° off14° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0204060 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 0 kt 0.5° 0 s
Liftoff561 m 73 kt 4.1° 22.1 s
35 ft675 m · 2.9 s after liftoff 71 kt 13.9° 24.9 s
End of Climb 31,945 m · 633 ft 60 kt 8.0° 62 s

Takeoff from CYKF 26

Takeoff roll100.00
752m35 %
Liftoff speed85.15
73kt
Runway alignment50.63
16.59m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb97.01
725fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 633 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 1,255 m of runway left; then climbing at 960 fpm on average to 633 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

750 ft375 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 73 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,124 m runway.

Rolled from 194 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 16 m at the widest, and lifted off 17 m right. Airborne 35 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 16.45 m RROLL 194 M INAirborne 755 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 755 m of 2,124 m · 36 %
Behind the start of the roll, 194 mTakeoff roll, 561 m Left ahead, 1,370 m

The approach to CYKF 08

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 1.6 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,330 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND1,7871,096627
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band from 1.6 nm, where the final began, to 1.4 nm, then drifted 154 m left between 1.4 and 0.6 nm, then inside the band from 0.6 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND13 m R112 m L1 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on CYKF 08

Over the threshold

Threshold height14.67
93ft
Threshold speed54.39
81kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.05m L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
456m
Centreline91.54
5.37m L
Speed78.50
62kt
Touchdown rate52.21
-504fpm
Impact69.71
1.78G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 1 kt tail · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 93 ft, 43 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 456 m in, 151 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

93 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −504 fpm · −2.4° nose down · 62 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 93 ft, down at 456 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 0 fpm at 96 ft to 0 fpm at 96 ft, then back up to 500 fpm at touchdown. The pitch barely changed.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−4°3°10°touchdown−504 fpm at touchdown−2.4° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,124 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 5.4 m left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 6.6 m left at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 456 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 456 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.78 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.

Runway used 596 m of 2,124 m · 28 %
In the air over the runway, 456 mRollout, 140 m Left over, 1,529 m
Rollout distance100.00
140m27 % used
Rollout alignment84.58
7.28m L

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