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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Departure
Start bringing the nose up as the speed reaches 50 kt, then pitch for 112 kt in the climb.
What happened: You started the rotation at 73 kt, 23 kt past the 50 kt rotation speed, and that extra speed usually carries into the climb, which was 18 kt fast as well.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 50 kt at rotation, 112 kt in the climb
Arrival
Bring the power back earlier on the approach so you are at 60 kt by the stabilisation gate, well before final.
What happened: This flight was already fast at the stabilisation gate, at 93 kt, and that excess speed was still showing up over the threshold and at touchdown. Carrying too much speed that early in the approach usually rides all the way down through the threshold and into the touchdown.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 60 kt at the stabilisation gate.
Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.
Read more in The Stabilised ApproachStart to finish · 11 stages, 9 in the score
Events
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 73 kt, 23 kt above the 50 kt target, and lifted off at 77 kt 0.4 s later with 1.9° of pitch. Climb 3 averaged 130 kt, 18 kt over its 112 kt target.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 985 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 2,005 m of runway left; gear up at 15 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 1,070 fpm on average to 985 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Plan view the roll down the 2,800 m runway.
Rolled from 234 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 4.9 m at the widest, and lifted off 3.4 m right, in 10 kn of crosswind from the right. Airborne 15 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
One stabilised approach gate: seven checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.
At the 500 ft gate: no landing flap set and speed more than 18 kt above the approach speed of 60 kt.
When the approach was stable
Never every check met at once: fast all the way, banked until 2.7 nm, gear up until 2.5 nm, no landing flap until 1.0 nm, left of the centreline from 0.9 nm to the threshold.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 3.0 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 120 ft below the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 266 m left of the centreline at 3.0 nm, then inside it from 1.6 to 0.9 nm, then 32 m left of it from 0.9 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 30 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 18 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 3.0 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to +56 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The flare wandered off the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 3.3° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 145 m past the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.
11 kt across from the right, which takes about 11° of crab to hold the centreline at 59 kt. Touched down with 10° of it still on, wings level.
Wind 250° at 22 kt · 18 kt head · 11 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 46 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 8 s, an average deceleration of 0.11 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.
Began the flare at 32 ft, 115 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 20 ft, 30 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 145 m in, 160 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 180 fpm at the flare to 10 fpm at 5 ft, then back up to 210 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 1.3° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,797 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 15 m left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 15 m left at the widest.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
The 145 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 206 fpm arrival was firm.
The rest of the report
The aircraft departed from runway 22R at LIRP Pisa International Airport. Takeoff distance was 434 m, 16 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 73 kt. Local weather was temperature 21 °C with wind 20 kt from 249°, giving a cross-wind component of 11 kt and a head-wind component of 17 kt.
Initial climb to 400 ft agl took 14 seconds, averaging 524 fpm and reaching 108 kt at the top of the climb. The flight then proceeded to cruise; the total flight distance was 15 nm and the elapsed time was 9 minutes, using 2 kg of fuel.
Descent began from 1,085 ft agl and continued to 117 ft agl over 129 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 500 ft above the runway were met for gear down, sink rate, glideslope, centreline, speed and wings level; the landing flap check was not met. The final flap position was 1 at 266 ft agl, with an approach speed of 100 kt.
On final approach to runway 22L at LIRP Pisa International Airport, the aircraft touched down at a threshold speed of 77 kt, which was noted as excessively high. Flare was described as good, with little round-out. Touchdown occurred 145 m from the threshold at a speed of 59 kt and a rate of -206 fpm. The touchdown point was misaligned by 14.7 m from the centreline. No bounce was observed.
Rollout distance was 293 m, 10 % of the runway length of 2,797 m. The runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 12.1 m from the centreline. Local weather at landing remained temperature 21 °C with wind 20 kt from 249°, cross-wind 11 kt and head-wind 17 kt.
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