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KGCN
Grand Canyon - Tusayan, United States
Runway 21
Elevation6,532 ft asl
Weight3,559 kg
Fuel340 kg
Wind260° · 22 kn · 14 kn cross

Flight Score

86.76 %
KGCN
Grand Canyon - Tusayan, United States
Runway 21
Elevation6,532 ft asl
Weight3,493 kg
Fuel263 kg
Wind260° · 13 kn · 8 kn cross
12 Sep 2026 0:17 41 nm North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco 78 kg
Departure Score
93.00 %
Enroute Score
91.38 %
Arrival Score
75.89 %

What went well

Held the centreline on the roll in a 13 kn crosswind — 3.96 m off at liftoff
Touched down at -114 fpm — a soft arrival
Flare on profile — 100 %

What held you back

Arrival Approach — 500 ft gate 40 %, −4.00 points
Arrival Taxi — Taxi Lights at 0 %, peak taxi speed 39 kt at 56 %, −1.52 points
Arrival Landing — Threshold height at 89 ft agl was significantly above target at 24 %, bank angle up to 9.4 ° at 83 %, −1.40 points

Next time

Departure

Use smaller, smoother aileron inputs to hold the climb bank angle near wings-level.

What happened: During Climb 3 the bank angle averaged 18°, well beyond a steady wings-level climb.

Watch for: Attitude indicator - bank angle, keeping it close to wings-level through the climb.

See Departure Climb 3

Arrival

Steepen the descent on final to rejoin the glideslope, aiming to cross the threshold at 50 ft.

What happened: The approach drifted above the glideslope, carrying the aircraft across the threshold at 89 ft against the 50 ft target. Crossing the threshold high like this usually carries the touchdown point long.

Watch for: Watch radio altitude against 50 ft on short final to confirm the glidepath is recaptured before the threshold.

See Arrival ApproachArrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 5 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 9 kt0 kt min to max 27 kt 0 21 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 14 ktmax 27 kt 0 21 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average pitch angle -2.0 °-3.1 ° min to max -0.7 ° -1.6 -1.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.2 0.4 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Battery Master On 6 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 6 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 6 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 6 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Engine 2 Started 6 ft agl · 13 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 6 ft agl · 19 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 6 ft agl · 19 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 6 ft agl · 18 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 6 ft agl · 18 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl · 19 kt
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 21 at KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport, Average speed was 26 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 13 kt10 kt min to max 17 kt 14 17 kt
Info Average pitch angle -2.0 °-2.3 ° min to max -1.9 ° -1.9 -2.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.0 0.1 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.01 g 0.98 1.01 g
Departure Roll 95.00Departure roll runway 21 at KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport. Takeoff distance 545 m 20 % of runway. Rotation speed was 88 kt. Local weather - Temperature 29 °C. Wind 23 kt at 260 °. Crosswind: 15 kt Headwind: 18 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 545 m20 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 88 ktTarget 91 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 5.07 m left5.07 m left to 3.96 m right 5.07 -3.96 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.06 g 1.01 1.06 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -1.7 °-2.6 ° min to max 6.3 ° -2.2 6.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.1 0.2 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 21 KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.3 °0.3 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.4 0.3 °
100 % Average speed 97 kt94 kt min to max 103 kt 96 103 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.1 °0.8 ° min to max 3.0 ° 0.8 2.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.06 g0.81 g min to max 1.39 g 1.31 0.82 g
Info Average VSI 741 fpm311 fpm min to max 898 fpm 311 811 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 33 ft agl 0 33 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.7 °6.5 ° min to max 12.0 ° 10.0 6.5 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 45 ft agl · 116 kt
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 21 KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.8 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 -0.7 °
100 % Average speed 112 kt103 kt min to max 147 kt 103 146 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.9 °0.0 ° min to max 4.1 ° 2.8 2.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.78 g min to max 1.22 g 0.83 0.89 g
Info Average VSI 737 fpm566 fpm min to max 1,158 fpm 802 1,086 fpm
Info Average altitude 87 ft agl34 ft agl min to max 346 ft agl 34 346 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.0 °4.5 ° min to max 9.4 ° 6.4 4.5 °
Departure Climb 3 80.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 21 KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Climb speed 154 kt148 kt min to max 160 ktTarget 161 kt, 7 kt slow 148 160 kt
0 % Average bank angle 18.2 °2.2 ° min to max 50.3 ° 2.6 50.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.09 g0.95 g min to max 1.23 g 1.01 1.23 g
100 % Landing gear up at 20 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation -0.5 °-0.7 ° min to max 0.3 ° -0.7 0.3 °
Info Average VSI 1,192 fpm985 fpm min to max 1,520 fpm 1,010 1,295 fpm
Info Average altitude 438 ft agl363 ft agl min to max 525 ft agl 363 525 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.8 °4.8 ° min to max 6.9 ° 4.9 5.6 °
Enroute Climb 89.01Enroute climb started overhead KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport Grand Canyon - Tusayan (Arizona, United States). Climbing from 6,946 ft asl to 8,280 ft asl, an increase of 1,334 ft in 1 minutes and covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 189 kt167 kt min to max 198 kt 167 197 kt
76 % Average bank angle 33.4 °3.4 ° min to max 52.1 ° 48.3 20.9 °
87 % Average g force 1.23 g0.03 g min to max 2.18 g 1.28 1.09 g
Info Average VSI 1,163 fpm-2,008 fpm min to max 2,676 fpm 968 201 fpm
Info Average altitude 7,750 ft asl6,946 ft asl min to max 8,339 ft asl 6,946 8,280 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.9 °-5.8 ° min to max 7.8 ° 4.6 1.2 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Descent 92.35Enroute descent started 1 mile north of Tusayan (Arizona, United States). Descent from 8,284 ft asl to 5,993 ft asl, a decrease of 2,291 ft in 2 minutes and covering 6 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 217 kt193 kt min to max 244 kt 200 244 kt
82 % Average bank angle 15.1 °0.3 ° min to max 49.1 ° 18.5 2.3 °
97 % Average g force 1.06 g0.42 g min to max 1.49 g 1.19 1.22 g
Info Average VSI -1,790 fpm-5,393 fpm min to max 2,239 fpm 296 -3,953 fpm
Info Average altitude 7,972 ft asl5,993 ft asl min to max 8,681 ft asl 8,284 5,993 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.7 °-11.4 ° min to max 6.1 ° 1.6 -7.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Climb 2 82.11Enroute climb started 3 miles north east of Grand Canyon (Arizona, United States). Climbing from 5,681 ft asl to 7,848 ft asl, an increase of 2,167 ft in 3 minutes and covering 12 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 192 kt153 kt min to max 240 kt 239 215 kt
57 % Average bank angle 17.7 °0.0 ° min to max 61.5 ° 6.7 18.6 °
93 % Average g force 1.07 g0.37 g min to max 1.98 g 1.27 0.86 g
Info Average VSI 758 fpm-3,482 fpm min to max 5,656 fpm -995 -1,306 fpm
Info Average altitude 7,629 ft asl5,668 ft asl min to max 8,573 ft asl 5,681 7,848 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.9 °-6.2 ° min to max 23.4 ° 0.4 -1.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 99.47Enroute level cruise started 7 miles north of Grand Canyon (Arizona, United States) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±891 ft of 7,946 ft asl7,510 ft asl min to max 8,508 ft asl 7,825 7,531 ft asl
100 % Average speed 200 kt176 kt min to max 217 kt 213 211 kt
100 % Average bank angle 15.5 °0.0 ° min to max 39.8 ° 1.0 23.4 °
95 % Average g force 1.04 g0.50 g min to max 2.60 g 0.91 1.19 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-12.9 ° min to max 7.7 ° -1.7 -2.4 °
Enroute Climb 3 93.97Enroute climb started 2 miles north of Grand Canyon (Arizona, United States). Climbing from 7,521 ft asl to 7,383 ft asl, an increase of 138 ft in 3 minutes and covering 8 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 156 kt103 kt min to max 205 kt 205 114 kt
86 % Average bank angle 14.1 °0.0 ° min to max 47.1 ° 7.9 2.4 °
97 % Average g force 1.07 g0.57 g min to max 2.17 g 1.42 1.28 g
Info Average VSI -248 fpm-3,223 fpm min to max 2,805 fpm 544 -2,292 fpm
Info Average altitude 8,278 ft asl7,383 ft asl min to max 8,756 ft asl 7,521 7,383 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-11.5 ° min to max 7.6 ° 2.3 -4.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Landing Gear Down 2,134 ft agl · 164 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,198 ft agl · 149 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 2,242 ft agl · 135 kt
Arrival Approach 40.00Final approach to runway 21 at KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport. Descent from 1,497 ft agl to -14 ft agl in 57 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
100 % Landing flappassed
0 % Sink ratefailed
0 % On glideslopefailed
0 % On speedfailed
Arrival Landing 79.00Landing on runway 21 at KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport, runway length 2,745 m. Threshold height at 89 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was slightly above target at 103 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was slightly above target at 103 kt. Target 94 kt
24 % Threshold height at 89 ft agl was significantly above target.Target 50 ft agl
100 % The flare tracked the target profile exactly. The aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 968 m past the threshold. Threshold speed was not the cause here - hold the aim point on the approach and let the aircraft settle rather than holding it off, and the touchdown comes back to the numbers.
97 % Runway alignment max 12.38 m left12.38 m left to 7.25 m left 7.25 9.80 m
83 % Average bank angle 2.2 °0.0 ° min to max 9.4 ° 1.0 1.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.90 g min to max 1.21 g 1.12 0.99 g
Info Average speed 91 kt82 kt min to max 103 kt 103 82 kt
Info Average VSI -345 fpm-721 fpm min to max -114 fpm -440 -159 fpm
Info Average altitude 15 ft agl-27 ft agl min to max 89 ft agl 89 -27 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.3 °-0.4 ° min to max 4.0 ° 2.1 3.4 °
0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,12501836537189Runway Distance mLanding Height ft0751502253003754505256006757508259009751,0501,125-25-20-15-10-50510152025Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 83.25Touchdown point was 546 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 82 kt was good. Touchdown rate was smooth at -114 fpm. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 9.8 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 28 °C. Wind 17 kt at 260 °. Crosswind: 11 kt Headwind: 13 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown rate was -114 fpm.
0 % Touchdown distance was 968 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 82 ktTarget below 91 kt
88 % Runway alignment max 9.82 m left9.72 m left 9.80 9.56 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.4 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.3 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.97 g min to max 1.12 g 0.99 0.97 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 82 kt81 kt min to max 82 kt 82 81 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.0 °2.6 ° min to max 3.4 ° 3.4 2.6 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 1,283 m, 47 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,283 m47 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 2.09 m right0.91 m left to 2.09 m right 0.91 -2.09 m
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.94 g min to max 1.04 g 0.97 0.94 g
Info Average speed 80 kt47 kt min to max 83 kt 83 47 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-4.9 ° min to max 2.6 ° 2.6 -4.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 9 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 12 kt0 kt min to max 32 kt 32 7 kt
Info Average pitch angle -2.1 °-4.8 ° min to max -0.8 ° -4.8 -1.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.6 °0.3 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.3 0.6 °
Info Average g force 0.99 g0.93 g min to max 1.00 g 0.93 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 77.20Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 3 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
56 % Average speed 18 kt3 kt min to max 39 kt 7 4 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 7 ktmax 11 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-2.0 ° min to max -0.4 ° -1.0 -1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.7 0.4 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 88 kt, 3 kt below the 91 kt target, and lifted off at 95 kt 2.5 s later, the nose coming up at 3.2° a second. Climb 3 averaged 154 kt, 7 kt under its 161 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 161180 kt12060020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFtarget 916.3° off · 3.2°/s6° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 35 kt -2.2° 0 s
Rotate350 m · target 91 88 kt -1.8° 11.3 s
Liftoff465 m · +7 kt from rotation 95 kt 6.3° 13.8 s
Gear up600 m · 20 ft · full marks to 400 ft 100 kt 7.9° 16.5 s
35 ft648 m · 3.6 s after liftoff 103 kt 6.3° 17.4 s
Climb 32,058 m · 363 ft to 525 ft · target 161 154 kt avg 4.9° 38.7 s
End of Climb 32,741 m · 525 ft 160 kt 5.6° 47.0 s

Takeoff from KGCN 21

Taxi lightsFail
Off
Takeoff roll100.00
545m20 %
Rotation speed100.00
88kttarget 91, 3 slow
Liftoff speed
95kt
Runway alignment100.00
5.07m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Gear up100.00
20ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed100.00
154kttarget 161
Rate of climb100.00
741fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 525 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 2,017 m of runway left; gear up at 20 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 950 fpm on average to 525 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

750 ft375 ft0CLIMB 3154 kt avgtarget 161THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050607080KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 88 kttarget 91Liftoff 95 ktGear up 20 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 2,745 m runway.

Rolled from 80 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 5.6 m at the widest, and lifted off 3.9 m right, in 13 kn of crosswind from the right. Airborne 19 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS13 kn75 %widest 5.59 m LROLL 80 M INAirborne 545 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 545 m of 2,745 m · 20 %
Behind the start of the roll, 80 mTakeoff roll, 465 m Left ahead, 2,200 m

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.

Five checks, one gate500 ft 40.002 of 5
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate3,030 fpm
On glideslope7.8°
On speed+19 kt

At the 500 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed, glideslope more than 1° off the runway's 3° and speed more than 14 kt above the approach speed of 94 kt.

Still turning onto final at the lower gate, so the centreline and wings level are not asked there - the aeroplane was not lined up yet, and was banked because it was turning. The other checks are marked as usual.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: high all the way, banked until 1.5 nm, fast until 1.0 nm, sinking too fast until 0.4 nm and left of the centreline until 0.3 nm.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KGCN 21

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

High from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,140 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND754345500 ft gate2 of 5sink rateon glideslopeon speed1,411 ft · 113 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to 0.7 nm, then drifted 29 m left between 0.7 and 0.3 nm, then inside the band from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND31 m L25 m L41 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 24 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 14 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 1.8 nm, where the final began, to 1.0 nm (up to +20 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

80100120140 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 94+13 kt+4 kt+7 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KGCN 21

Over the threshold

Threshold height24.24
89ft
Threshold speed100.00
102kttarget 94, 8 fast
Centreline offset96.82
12.38m L

Touchdown

Past threshold0.00
968m
Centreline88.31
9.82m L
Speed100.00
82kttarget 91 or less
Touchdown rate100.00
-114fpm
Impact100.00
1.12G
BouncesOk
None
The flare100.00

The flare tracked the target profile exactly. The aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 968 m past the threshold. Threshold speed was not the cause here - hold the aim point on the approach and let the aircraft settle rather than holding it off, and the touchdown comes back to the numbers.

The crosswind

7 kt across from the right, which takes about 5° of crab to hold the centreline at 82 kt. Touched down with the nose 8° into wind, wings level.

Wind 260° at 13 kt · 10 kt head · 7 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 85 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 11 s, an average deceleration of 0.32 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608010060 kt · 290 m30 kt · 350 mtouchdown364 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 89 ft, 39 ft above the 50 ft target; began the flare at 36 ft. Touched down 968 m in, 663 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

89 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare 36 ft · −630 fpm · 2° · 96 ktdescent slowed at 3 ft · −16 fpm · 4°−114 fpm · 3.4° nose up · 82 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 89 ft, down at 968 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 630 fpm at the flare to 110 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 1.5° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−1°4°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−114 fpm at touchdown3.4° at touchdown, +1.5° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,745 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 9.6 m left of the centreline, and steered back to 0.5 m left by the end of the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 7 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 968 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 968 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 1,251 m of 2,745 m · 46 %
In the air over the runway, 968 mRollout, 283 m Left over, 1,494 m
Rollout distance100.00
283m45 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
2.09m R

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Flight narrative

The aircraft taxied from the parking area to runway 21 at KGCN Grand Canyon National Park Airport in a period of 5 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

During the departure roll on runway 21 the aircraft used a takeoff distance of 545 m, representing 20 % of the runway, and lifted off at 96 kt; ambient conditions were 29 °C with wind 23 kt at 260 °, a cross-wind component of 15 kt and a head-wind component of 18 kt.

The initial climb began overhead KGCN, climbing from 6,946 ft asl to 8,280 ft asl, an increase of 1,334 ft in 1 minutes while covering 5 nm.

A subsequent climb commenced 3 miles north-east of Grand Canyon, rising from 5,681 ft asl to 7,848 ft asl, an increase of 2,167 ft in 3 minutes and covering 12 nm.

The aircraft then entered a level cruise segment that started 7 miles north of Grand Canyon, lasting 2 minutes and covering 5 nm.

A later climb started 2 miles north of Grand Canyon, climbing from 7,521 ft asl to 7,383 ft asl, an increase of 138 ft in 3 minutes while covering 8 nm.

Descent began 1 mile north of Tusayan, descending from 8,284 ft asl to 5,993 ft asl, a decrease of 2,291 ft in 2 minutes and covering 6 nm.

The final approach to runway 21 was flown from the north-east on a heading of 221.0 ° at 1 nm and 816 ft agl, followed by a descent from 1,583 ft agl to -21 ft agl in 59 seconds; the approach was scored on the stabilisation gates.

Landing on runway 21 occurred with a runway length of 2,743 m; the threshold height at 89 ft agl and the threshold speed of 102 kt were both significantly above target. Touchdown was recorded 539 m beyond the touchdown zone at a speed of 82 kt, with a touchdown rate of minus 159 fpm and a lateral deviation of 9.2 m from the centreline. Weather at the time was 28 °C with wind 17 kt at 260 °, a cross-wind of 11 kt and a head-wind of 13 kt. Total landing distance measured 1,279 m, representing 47 % of the runway.

Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 9.0 m from the centreline.

The aircraft taxied from the runway to the parking area in 3 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

In total the flight covered 42 nm, lasted 17 minutes and consumed 78 kg of fuel.

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