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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Shorten the long landing
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Lifted off at 109 kt with 6.1° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 894 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft with 481 m of runway left; then climbing at 1,530 fpm on average to 894 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Plan view the roll down the 1,567 m runway.
Rolled from 67 m in, drifted right of the centreline, 5.5 m at the widest, and lifted off 5.3 m right, in 7 kn of crosswind from the right. Airborne 44 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway.
At the 1,000 ft gate: gear still up, no landing flap set, sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed, centreline more than 1° off and speed more than 59 kt above the approach speed of 118 kt.
At the 500 ft gate: gear still up, no landing flap set, sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed and speed more than 35 kt above the approach speed of 118 kt.
When the approach was stable
Never every check met at once: no landing flap all the way, fast all the way, left of the centreline until 1.7 nm, sinking too fast until 1.5 nm and gear up until 1.3 nm.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 4 nm to the threshold, never more than 860 ft above the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 618 m left of the centreline, then inside the band from 1.7 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 59 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 35 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 4 nm to the threshold (up to +157 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
Very good landing flare
6 kt across from the right, which takes about 3° of crab to hold the centreline at 136 kt. Touched down with 3° of it still on, wings level.
Wind 032° at 10 kt · 7 kt tail · 6 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 144 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 23 s, an average deceleration of 0.26 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 1,055 m of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 11 ft, 39 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 113 m in, 192 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,055 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 500 fpm at 10 ft to 310 fpm at touchdown. The pitch barely changed.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the full 1,055 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 1.5 m left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 4.1 m right at the widest.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
The 113 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The flight departed from Gatlinburg-Pigeon Forge Airport (KGKT) on runway 28, where the aircraft accelerated to a liftoff speed of 109 kt after a takeoff distance of 700 m, which covered 45% of the available runway. The local weather conditions at the time of departure featured a temperature of 9 °C, with a wind speed of 16 kt at 60°, resulting in a crosswind of 10 kt and a tailwind of 12 kt.
As the aircraft climbed to a cruising altitude, it passed overhead Sevierville, Tennessee, where it began its enroute climb, reaching an altitude of 4,727 ft asl after an increase of 2,780 ft in just 1 minute, covering a distance of 6 nm. The enroute level cruise phase followed, lasting 2 minutes and covering 9 nm, before the aircraft started its descent from 4,597 ft asl to 2,192 ft asl, a decrease of 2,405 ft in 3 minutes, covering 19 nm. The final approach to runway 26 at Knoxville Downtown Island Airport (KDKX) was initiated from the east, with the aircraft maintaining a heading of 261.0° at 3 nm and 1,318 ft agl.
The landing on runway 26 was executed with a touchdown distance of 114 m, which was within acceptable limits, despite a threshold speed of 142 kt, which was excessively high. The touchdown speed of 136 kt was also excessively fast, resulting in a firm touchdown rate of -366 fpm. The runway touchdown alignment was very good, and the runway rollout alignment was also satisfactory. The total landing distance was 693 m, covering 66% of the available runway. Following the landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area, covering a distance of less than 1 nm in 1 minute. The total flight distance was 39 nm, with a total flight time of 10 minutes, and the aircraft consumed 66 kg of fuel.
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