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LIMJ
Genova (GE), Italy
Runway 10
Elevation10 ft asl
Weight3,511 kg
Fuel530 kg
Wind40° · 16 kn · 15 kn cross

Flight Score

95.94 %
LIPE
Bologna, Italy
Runway 30
Elevation118 ft asl
Weight3,341 kg
Fuel348 kg
Wind272° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross
10 Nov 2026 0:52 167 nm Pilatus PC-12 181 kg
Departure Score
96.81 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
91.02 %

What went well

Held the centreline on the roll in a 14 kn crosswind — 2.62 m off at liftoff
Touched down at -57 fpm — a soft arrival
Straight touchdown — 1.30 m off the centreline, no bounce

What held you back

Arrival Taxi — Landing Lights at 1 %, peak speed in a turn 20 kt at 77 %, −0.96 points
Arrival Approach — 1,000 ft gate 86 %, 500 ft gate 86 %, −0.95 points
Departure Climb 3 — climb speed 97 kt against 127 kt at 65 %, −0.94 points

Next time

Departure

Lower the nose and add power to raise climb speed to 127 kt.

What happened: Climb speed was 97 kt against a target of 127 kt, running 30 kt slow through the climb.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator against the climb target of 127 kt.

See Departure Climb 3

Arrival

Fly a slightly steeper approach path to cross the threshold at 50 ft agl instead of 72 ft agl.

What happened: The aircraft crossed the threshold at 72 ft agl against a 50 ft agl target, above the normal profile. This fault pattern is often followed by a long touchdown beyond the target point, and here the aircraft touched down at 629 m against a 457 m target.

Watch for: Radio altimeter against the 50 ft threshold crossing target on short final.

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 5 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 9 kt0 kt min to max 18 kt 0 11 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 8 ktmax 15 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.5 °-0.8 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.6 -0.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.1 0.0 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 5 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 5 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 5 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 5 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 1 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Deactivated 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 5 ft agl
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 5 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 10 at LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport, Average speed was 13 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 6 kt0 kt min to max 19 kt 11 19 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.3 °-0.9 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 98.94Departure roll runway 10 at LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport. Takeoff distance 2,056 m 71 % of runway. Rotation speed was 85 kt. Local weather - Temperature 13 °C. Wind 16 kt at 40 °. Crosswind: 15 kt Headwind: 7 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 2,056 m71 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 85 ktTarget 82 kt
95 % Runway alignment max 10.96 m left10.96 m left to 2.62 m right 10.65 -2.62 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.07 g 1.00 1.07 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-0.6 ° min to max 5.1 ° 0.1 5.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.3 ° 0.2 2.3 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 10 LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.4 °
100 % Average speed 92 kt88 kt min to max 94 kt 88 94 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 6.0 °0.4 ° min to max 6.0 ° 2.4 6.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.07 g1.01 g min to max 1.11 g 1.07 1.04 g
Info Average VSI 559 fpm283 fpm min to max 804 fpm 283 804 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 34 ft agl 0 34 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.5 °4.9 ° min to max 9.6 ° 5.1 9.6 °
Departure Climb 2 99.19Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 10 LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.7 °0.4 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.4 1.3 °
100 % Average speed 92 kt84 kt min to max 94 kt 94 84 kt
97 % Steepest bank angle 6.1 °0.0 ° min to max 6.1 ° 6.1 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.86 g min to max 1.09 g 1.05 0.86 g
Info Average VSI 1,063 fpm810 fpm min to max 1,506 fpm 810 967 fpm
Info Average altitude 103 ft agl35 ft agl min to max 384 ft agl 35 384 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 11.2 °9.7 ° min to max 14.2 ° 9.7 10.2 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 129 ft agl · 92 kt
Departure Climb 3 85.90Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 10 LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
65 % Climb speed 97 kt85 kt min to max 110 ktTarget 127 kt, 30 kt slow 85 110 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 18.6 °0.3 ° min to max 18.6 ° 1.7 17.4 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.88 g min to max 1.10 g 0.94 1.10 g
100 % Landing gear up at 82 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation 1.7 °1.1 ° min to max 2.1 ° 1.2 2.1 °
Info Average VSI 986 fpm584 fpm min to max 1,460 fpm 811 812 fpm
Info Average altitude 647 ft agl398 ft agl min to max 923 ft agl 398 923 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.4 °8.2 ° min to max 13.3 ° 10.2 9.7 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 595 ft agl · 98 kt
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile east of LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport Genova (GE) (Liguria, Italy). Climbing from 937 ft asl to 17,596 ft asl, an increase of 16,659 ft in 7 minutes and covering 14 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 114 kt106 kt min to max 144 kt 111 109 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 24.6 °0.0 ° min to max 24.6 ° 15.6 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.82 g min to max 1.20 g 1.14 0.97 g
Info Average VSI 2,056 fpm952 fpm min to max 3,510 fpm 952 2,029 fpm
Info Average altitude 7,065 ft asl937 ft asl min to max 17,596 ft asl 937 17,596 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 13.4 °6.5 ° min to max 15.6 ° 11.4 12.8 °
Info Turn coordination -1-18 min to max 10 1 -1

Events

Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 1,876 ft agl · 121 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 2,002 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 2,002 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 11,451 ft agl · 130 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 11,522 ft agl · 130 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 13 miles south of Genoa (Liguria, Italy) and lasted 15 minutes, covering 70 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±1,397 ft of 17,989 ft asl17,938 ft asl min to max 18,016 ft asl 17,938 17,999 ft asl
100 % Average speed 188 kt110 kt min to max 197 kt 110 194 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 27.6 °0.1 ° min to max 27.6 ° 0.2 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.78 g min to max 1.16 g 0.78 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination -22-35 min to max 1 -5 -4
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-1.0 ° min to max 7.1 ° 7.1 -0.6 °

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 18,112 ft agl · 229 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 18,112 ft agl · 229 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 18,086 ft agl · 256 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 18,086 ft agl · 256 kt
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started overhead Tizzano Val Parma (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Descent from 17,999 ft asl to 5,220 ft asl, a decrease of 12,779 ft in 12 minutes and covering 52 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 209 kt194 kt min to max 222 kt 195 214 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 22.2 °0.0 ° min to max 22.2 ° 0.3 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.77 g min to max 1.17 g 1.00 0.77 g
Info Average VSI -1,186 fpm-1,714 fpm min to max 19 fpm -54 -1,326 fpm
Info Average altitude 12,160 ft asl5,220 ft asl min to max 18,010 ft asl 17,999 5,220 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.4 °-4.7 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.5 -4.4 °
Info Turn coordination 1-7 min to max 11 -4 5

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 16,424 ft agl · 257 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 16,424 ft agl · 257 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 11,214 ft agl · 251 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 7,810 ft agl · 246 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 7,810 ft agl · 246 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 6,925 ft agl · 242 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 6,925 ft agl · 242 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 5,377 ft agl · 243 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 5,377 ft agl · 243 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 5,290 ft agl · 238 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 5,290 ft agl · 238 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 5,172 ft agl · 236 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 5,172 ft agl · 236 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 5,533 ft agl · 233 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 5,533 ft agl · 233 kt
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north west of Pianoro (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 6 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±757 ft of 5,016 ft asl4,995 ft asl min to max 5,150 ft asl 5,150 4,995 ft asl
100 % Average speed 214 kt209 kt min to max 217 kt 217 215 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.3 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.86 g min to max 1.10 g 0.86 0.99 g
Info Turn coordination 40 min to max 8 0 6
Info Average pitch angle -1.3 °-4.9 ° min to max -0.1 ° -4.9 -0.1 °
Enroute Descent 2 100.00Enroute descent started 3 miles north east of Monterenzio (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Descent from 4,999 ft asl to 1,674 ft asl, a decrease of 3,325 ft in 6 minutes and covering 17 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 174 kt78 kt min to max 222 kt 214 78 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 24.8 °0.0 ° min to max 24.8 ° 0.6 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.88 g min to max 1.24 g 1.09 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -740 fpm-1,190 fpm min to max 42 fpm -24 -482 fpm
Info Average altitude 3,457 ft asl1,674 ft asl min to max 5,003 ft asl 4,999 1,674 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.6 °-5.8 ° min to max 2.4 ° -0.3 -0.7 °
Info Turn coordination 5-5 min to max 40 -1 3

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 2,918 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 2,918 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 2,957 ft agl · 228 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 2,957 ft agl · 228 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 2,907 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 2,907 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 2,836 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 2,836 ft agl · 226 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,751 ft agl · 147 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 2,728 ft agl · 120 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 2,751 ft agl · 94 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 2,751 ft agl · 94 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 2,751 ft agl · 94 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 2,751 ft agl · 94 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 2,742 ft agl · 90 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 2,742 ft agl · 90 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2,616 ft agl · 90 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 1,899 ft agl · 88 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 1,767 ft agl · 86 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,767 ft agl · 86 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Disarmed 1,767 ft agl · 86 kt
Arrival Approach 85.71Final approach to runway 30 at LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport. Descent from 1,606 ft agl to 90 ft agl in 197 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
100 % Sink ratepassed at both gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
100 % On centrelinepassed at both gates
0 % On speedfailed at both gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 271 ft agl · 72 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 271 ft agl · 72 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 271 ft agl · 72 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 271 ft agl · 72 kt
Arrival Landing 86.55Landing on runway 30 at LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport, runway length 2,476 m. Threshold height at 72 ft agl was well above target. Threshold speed was a little below target at 76 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
87 % Threshold speed was a little below target at 76 kt. Target 86 kt
62 % Threshold height at 72 ft agl was well above target.Target 50 ft agl
98 % The flare tracked the target profile closely. The aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 629 m past the threshold. Threshold speed was not the cause here - hold the aim point on the approach and let the aircraft settle rather than holding it off, and the touchdown comes back to the numbers.
100 % Runway alignment max 2.61 m right2.34 m left to 2.61 m right -2.61 1.44 m
97 % Steepest bank angle 3.1 °0.0 ° min to max 3.1 ° 2.1 0.3 °
100 % Peak g force 1.13 g0.95 g min to max 1.13 g 0.99 0.96 g
Info Average speed 72 kt64 kt min to max 76 kt 76 64 kt
Info Average VSI -227 fpm-354 fpm min to max -87 fpm -150 -100 fpm
Info Average altitude 33 ft agl1 ft agl min to max 72 ft agl 72 1 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.1 °0.7 ° min to max 7.3 ° 1.2 7.3 °
07515022530037545052560067575001429435872Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 97.17Touchdown point was 190 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 64 kt was good. Touchdown rate was excellent at -57 fpm. Runway touchdown alignment was perfect. Local weather - Temperature 9 °C. Wind 2 kt at 272 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown rate was -57 fpm.
81 % Touchdown distance was 629 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 64 ktTarget below 80 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 1.44 m left1.36 m left 1.44 1.30 m
100 % Steepest bank angle 0.3 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.3 °
100 % Peak g force 1.07 g0.96 g min to max 1.07 g 0.96 1.03 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 63 kt63 kt min to max 64 kt 64 63 kt
Info Average pitch angle 7.3 °7.2 ° min to max 7.5 ° 7.3 7.5 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 1,354 m, 55 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,354 m55 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 2.97 m left2.97 m left to 0.66 m right 2.84 -0.65 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.04 g 1.02 1.00 g
Info Average speed 46 kt30 kt min to max 60 kt 60 30 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.3 °-0.2 ° min to max 7.9 ° 7.6 -0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.3 0.6 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 24 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 22 kt17 kt min to max 30 kt 30 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.6 °-0.2 ° min to max 1.4 ° -0.2 0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.1 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 0.99 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 5 ft agl · 22 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 5 ft agl · 23 kt
Arrival Taxi 85.68Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 1 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 12 kt0 kt min to max 21 kt 20 0 kt
77 % Average speed turning corners 19 ktmax 20 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-0.8 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.5 0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.2 0.4 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 5 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched Off 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 5 ft agl

Takeoff from LIMJ 10

Taxi out

LightsOk
All on
Taxi speed100.00
18kt peak8 kt in turns

The roll

Takeoff roll100.00
2,056m71 %
Runway alignment94.68
10.96m L
Rotation speed100.00
85kttarget 82, 3 late

The nose wandered in the climb

From 35 ft to the end of the climb the nose moved between 8.2° and 14.2°, and the speed between 84 kt and 110 kt.

Once clear of the runway the nose moved through a wide range, and the speed moved with it. Set the climb attitude, hold it and trim, and give the speed a few seconds to settle before correcting it with a degree or two of pitch. Chasing the airspeed with large pitch changes makes it wander more.

Liftoff and climb

Liftoff
87ktat 5.0°
Rotation
2.9°/sover 1.2 s, gaining 2 kt
35 ft
94ktat 9.8°, 5.4 s after liftoff
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Bank after liftoff100.00
6.0°steepest
Gear up100.00
82ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed64.75
97kttarget 127

Plan view the roll down the 2,915 m runway.

Rolled from 1,579 m in, drifted 11 m left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off, in 14 kn of crosswind from the left. Airborne 70 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS14 kn75 %widest 10.65 m LROLL 1,579 M INAirborne 2,047 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 2,047 m of 2,915 m · 70 %
Behind the start of the roll, 1,579 mTakeoff roll, 468 m Left ahead, 868 m

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 923 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 636 m of runway left; gear up at 82 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 960 fpm on average to 923 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The dark stretch of the roll is the run with the nose up and the wheels still on, with its length and time under the runway. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 397 kt avgtarget 127THRESHOLDRUNWAY END3040506070KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLnose up on the runway · 48 m · 1.2 sRotate 85 kttarget 82Liftoff 87 ktGear up 82 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayNose up, wheels on the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Speed and pitch from brake release to the end of the climb, against time.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The grey band is the run between the nose coming up and the wheels leaving the runway. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The grey dashed line across the pitch is the attitude held from 35 ft to the end: a nose held steady is a climb speed that holds, and the airspeed trace sits directly above it to compare. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 127120 kt8040020°10°0°nose up on the runway · 48 m · 1.2 sROTATELIFTOFFGEAR UPtarget 82held 10.9°5.0° off · 2.9°/s10° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0204060 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganNose up, wheels on the runwayClimb attitude heldClimb 3

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Seven checks, two gates1,000 ft 85.716 of 7500 ft 85.716 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate460 fpm410 fpm
On glideslope3.6°3.5°
On centreline0.0° off0.1° off
On speed−12 kt−12 kt
Wings level0° bank1° bank

At the 1,000 ft gate: speed more than 5 kt below the approach speed of 86 kt.

At the 500 ft gate: speed more than 5 kt below the approach speed of 86 kt.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: slow all the way.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to LIPE 30

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 4 nm to the threshold, never more than 270 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND1,5897944252291,000 ft gate6 of 7on speed1,242 ft · 74 kt500 ft gate6 of 7on speed629 ft · 74 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 52× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band all the way from 4 nm, never more than 5 m off the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR18 m L018 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND5 m R1 m L2 m L0 m R2 m R2 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 43 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 26 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Slow from 4 nm to the threshold (up to −16 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

80100120140 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 86−8 kt−15 kt−12 kt−12 kt−10 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on LIPE 30

Over the threshold

Threshold height61.82
72ft
Threshold speed87.11
76kttarget 86, 10 slow
Centreline offset100.00
2.61m R
Bank97.39
3.1°steepest
Flare98.30

The flare tracked the target profile closely

The aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 629 m past the threshold. Threshold speed was not the cause here - hold the aim point on the approach and let the aircraft settle rather than holding it off, and the touchdown comes back to the numbers.

Touchdown

Past threshold81.16
629m
Centreline100.00
1.44m L
Speed100.00
63kttarget 80 or less
Touchdown rate100.00
-57fpm
Impact100.00
1.07G
BouncesOk
None
Bank100.00
0.3°as the wheels touched

Rollout

Rollout distance100.00
708m54 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
2.97m L

Taxi in

Lights50.50
Onlanding lights, 99% of the taxi
Taxi speed88.28
21kt peak19 kt in turns

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 72 ft, 22 ft above the 50 ft target; began the flare at 25 ft. Touched down 629 m in, 325 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

72 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare 25 ft · −330 fpm · 2.2° · 73 ktdescent slowed at 1 ft · −15 fpm · 7.2°−57 fpm · 7.3° nose up · 64 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 72 ft, down at 629 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 330 fpm at the flare to 60 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 5.0° on the way down. Into the flare at 73 kt, 13 kt under the 86 kt approach speed, and 64 kt at touchdown.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−57 fpm at touchdown7.3° at touchdown, +5° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,476 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed within 3 m of it down the rollout. No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 2° left of the track, wings level.

Wind 272° at 2 kt · 2 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. The sentence gives the nose against the direction you were actually moving as the wheels touched, and the steepest bank as they touched, the figure the touchdown's Bank tile marks. The rest of it is shown for reading, not marked.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 629 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 629 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 1,338 m of 2,476 m · 54 %
In the air over the runway, 629 mRollout, 708 m Left over, 1,138 m

The stop — touchdown to taxi speed.

From 61 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 31 s, an average deceleration of 0.05 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608060 kt · 13 m30 kt · 728 mtouchdown757 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The Pilatus PC-12 taxied from the parking area to runway 10 at LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport in 5 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

Take-off was performed on runway 10 with a take-off distance of 2,056 m, which was 71 % of the runway. Rotation occurred at 81 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 13 °C, wind 16 kt from 040°, giving a crosswind component of 15 kt and a headwind component of 7 kt.

The initial climb to 1,000 ft agl took 55 seconds, averaging 971 fpm and reaching 110 kt at the top of the climb. The aircraft then climbed from 937 ft asl to 17,596 ft asl in 7 minutes, covering 14 nm, beginning about 1 mile east of LIMJ.

Cruise was level at 18,000 ft asl for 15 minutes, covering 70 nm, starting 13 miles south of Genoa.

Descent began from 17,999 ft asl to 1,674 ft asl in 19 minutes, covering 75 nm, starting overhead Tizzano Val Parma, with a brief level-off at 5,000 ft asl.

Final approach to runway 30 at LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport descended from 1,606 ft agl to 90 ft agl in 197 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway were met for gear down, landing flap, sink rate, glideslope, centreline and wings level; the speed check was not met. Configuration was landing gear down at 2,616 ft agl at 90 kt, and final flap position 3 at 1,899 ft agl at 88 kt.

Landing on runway 30, whose length is 2,476 m, the threshold height at 72 ft agl was well above target and the threshold speed of 76 kt was a little below target. The flare was described as excellent; the aircraft floated before touchdown. Touchdown occurred 190 m beyond the touchdown zone at a speed of 64 kt, with a descent rate of minus 57 fpm and perfect runway-touchdown alignment. Local weather at landing was temperature 9 °C, wind 2 kt from 272°, crosswind 1 kt and headwind 2 kt. No bounce occurred.

Total landing distance was 1,354 m, 55 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was perfect.

The aircraft taxied to the parking area from the runway in 1 minute, covering less than 1 nm.

Overall, the flight covered 167 nm in 52 minutes and used 181 kg of fuel.

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