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CYTZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation0 ft asl
Fuel1,510 kg
Wind280° · 22 kn · 11 kn cross

Flight Score

79.18 %
KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 23
Elevation679 ft asl
Weight10,782 kg
Fuel1,380 kg
26 Feb 2023 0:40 57 nm DHC-4 Caribou 130 kg
Departure Score
82.03 %
Enroute Score
99.26 %
Arrival Score
47.50 %

What went well

Touchdown 46 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 5 % of the runway used
Held the centreline on the roll — 0.71 m off at liftoff

What held you back

Arrival Taxi — taxi light off should be on; Average speed 30 kn at 0 %, peak speed in a turn 35 kt at 0 %, −6.00 points
Arrival Final 1 — bank angle up to 23.2 ° at 0 %, Approach angle 2.6 ° at 21 %, −3.20 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 46.69 m at 0 %, −3.00 points
Arrival Touchdown — Runway alignment max 21.96 m at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -493 ft/m at 2 %, −2.74 points

Next time

Shorten the long landing

See Arrival Touchdown

Ground effect becomes significant below about one wingspan of height. A Cessna 172, with a 36 ft span, enters ground effect at flare height - the float it feels in the hold-off is ground effect arriving on cue. An A320, with a span around 117 ft, has been in ground effect since before the threshold and there is no sudden cushion to feel, only a gradual reduction in induced drag that lengthens any float you allow.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 16 stages, 14 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 65.70Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 6 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
68 % Average speed 5 kn0 kn min to max 30 kn 0 28 kn
71 % Average speed turning corners 12 knmax 19 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-1.3 ° min to max 3.1 ° -0.2 -0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.1 0.0 °

Events

Fail Beacon Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Departure Roll 89.87Departure roll runway 26 at CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre. Takeoff distance 910 m 73 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 79 kn. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 22 kn at 280 °. Crosswind: 11 kn Headwind: 19 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 910 m73 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 79 knTarget 90 kn
99 % Runway alignment max 0.71 m0.00 m left to 0.71 m right -0.08 -0.71 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-0.2 ° min to max 1.8 ° -0.1 1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.4 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights OFF should be ON
Info Flaps Position 1 6 ft agl · 20 kt
Departure Climb 1 88.86Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.0 °
100 % Average speed 95 kn79 kn min to max 106 kn 79 106 kn
55 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.1 ° min to max 5.0 ° 0.4 1.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.97 g min to max 1.06 g 1.01 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 263 ft/m180 ft/m min to max 308 ft/m 180 272 ft/m
Info Average altitude 16 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 38 ft agl 0 38 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °0.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.9 0.4 °
Departure Climb 2 85.72Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-1.6 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -1.6 °
100 % Average speed 111 kn102 kn min to max 137 kn 106 137 kn
43 % Average bank angle 3.0 °0.0 ° min to max 6.1 ° 1.7 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.79 g min to max 1.21 g 0.99 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 332 ft/m23 ft/m min to max 1,139 ft/m 270 678 ft/m
Info Average altitude 102 ft agl53 ft agl min to max 398 ft agl 53 398 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.3 °0.0 ° min to max 5.0 ° 0.4 3.0 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 200 ft agl · 106 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 200 ft agl · 106 kt
Departure Climb 3 80.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -2.0 °-3.1 ° min to max -1.6 ° -1.6 -3.1 °
100 % Average speed 140 kn130 kn min to max 146 kn 137 130 kn
0 % Average bank angle 5.3 °0.4 ° min to max 27.8 ° 2.7 27.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.97 g min to max 1.21 g 1.00 1.06 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 1,237 ft/m686 ft/m min to max 2,453 ft/m 686 2,094 ft/m
Info Average altitude 607 ft agl396 ft agl min to max 980 ft agl 396 980 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °2.2 ° min to max 10.2 ° 2.9 9.4 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile south of Little Portugal (Toronto county, Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,277 ft asl to 4,966 ft asl, an increase of 3,689 ft in 3 minutes and covering 8 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 123 kn116 kn min to max 143 kn 130 143 kn
100 % Average bank angle 11.0 °0.1 ° min to max 29.8 ° 29.1 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.93 g min to max 1.12 g 1.10 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 1,342 ft/m162 ft/m min to max 2,018 ft/m 2,018 162 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,390 ft asl1,277 ft asl min to max 4,966 ft asl 1,277 4,966 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 7.1 °0.3 ° min to max 9.8 ° 9.4 0.3 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 97.03Enroute level cruise started 7 miles south east of CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre Toronto (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 15 minutes, covering 42 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
90 % Average altitude 4,767 ft asl4,046 ft asl min to max 5,008 ft asl 4,973 4,046 ft asl
100 % Average speed 139 kn101 kn min to max 171 kn 152 103 kn
100 % Average bank angle 3.4 °0.0 ° min to max 25.7 ° 7.5 1.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.91 g min to max 1.20 g 1.00 0.98 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °-2.0 ° min to max 4.7 ° 0.1 3.4 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started overhead Clarence Center (Erie County, New York, United States). Descent from 4,043 ft asl to 1,298 ft asl, a decrease of 2,745 ft in 4 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 82 kn75 kn min to max 95 kn 95 80 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.0 °0.0 ° min to max 27.4 ° 6.0 14.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.84 g min to max 1.18 g 1.15 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -712 ft/m-1,011 ft/m min to max 475 ft/m 221 -456 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,602 ft asl1,298 ft asl min to max 4,089 ft asl 4,043 1,298 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.0 °-5.2 ° min to max 5.6 ° 3.8 -3.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead Harris Hill (Erie County, New York, United States) and lasted 1 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,250 ft asl1,197 ft asl min to max 1,280 ft asl 1,280 1,249 ft asl
100 % Average speed 75 kn69 kn min to max 82 kn 82 78 kn
100 % Average bank angle 15.8 °0.5 ° min to max 30.1 ° 18.6 22.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.87 g min to max 1.19 g 1.04 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °-3.8 ° min to max 5.2 ° -3.5 2.6 °
Arrival 100.00Not counted in the flight scoreArrival started overhead Harris Hill (Erie County, New York, United States).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 79 kn72 kn min to max 84 kn 76 84 kn
100 % Average bank angle 13.8 °0.4 ° min to max 27.6 ° 19.2 23.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.91 g min to max 1.22 g 1.13 1.15 g
Info Average VSI -324 ft/m-586 ft/m min to max -89 ft/m -215 -586 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,176 ft asl1,057 ft asl min to max 1,245 ft asl 1,245 1,057 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °-2.2 ° min to max 3.8 ° 3.4 -1.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 51.97Approaching runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 369 ft agl to 49 ft agl. A decrease of 319 ft in 38 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
21 % Approach angle 2.6 °1.2 ° min to max 4.1 °Target 3.0 ° 4.1 1.2 °
100 % Average speed 81 kn76 kn min to max 88 kn 84 82 kn
39 % Heading variation 0.6 °-1.9 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.7 0.2 °
0 % Average bank angle 14.2 °0.1 ° min to max 23.2 ° 22.8 4.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.93 g min to max 1.25 g 1.06 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -582 ft/m-699 ft/m min to max -306 ft/m -544 -463 ft/m
Info Average altitude 118 ft agl49 ft agl min to max 369 ft agl 369 49 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.4 °-3.1 ° min to max -0.1 ° -1.9 -2.8 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 61.59Landing on runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl, runway length 2,693 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kn. Target 75 kn
86 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 -0.2 °
0 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.0 ° min to max 4.0 ° 4.0 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.96 g min to max 1.01 g 0.98 1.01 g
Info Average speed 77 kn75 kn min to max 81 kn 81 76 kn
Info Average VSI -478 ft/m-495 ft/m min to max -463 ft/m -463 -495 ft/m
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 11 ft agl 11 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.8 °-2.9 ° min to max -2.8 ° -2.8 -2.9 °
0112233445501122344556Runway Distance mLanding Height ft01122334455-25-20-15-10-50510152025Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 58.92Touchdown distance was good at 38 m. Touchdown speed at 76 kn was too fast. Touchdown rate was hard at -493 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 22.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 1 °C. Wind 19 kn at 239 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 18 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
2 % Touchdown VSI was -493 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 38 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 76 knTarget 75 kn
0 % Runway alignment max 21.96 m16.28 m right -9.59 -21.96 m
88 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.1 1.2 °
81 % Average g force 1.21 g1.03 g min to max 1.59 g 1.09 1.03 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 78 kn76 kn min to max 78 kn 76 78 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-2.7 ° min to max 0.1 ° -2.7 -0.2 °
Arrival Rollout 55.00Total landing distance 168 m, 6 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 46.7 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 168 m6 % of runway.
0 % Runway alignment max 46.69 m0.00 m left to 46.69 m right -22.86 -42.34 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.03 g 1.01 0.99 g
Info Average speed 69 kn39 kn min to max 76 kn 76 39 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-1.3 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.3 -1.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.3 0.2 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 6 ft agl · 74 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 21 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 21 kn6 kn min to max 36 kn 29 8 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.3 ° min to max -0.5 ° -1.3 -0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 0.99 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 10.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 7 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 30 kn0 kn min to max 46 kn 7 14 kn
0 % Average speed turning corners 28 knmax 35 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.9 ° min to max 1.1 ° -0.5 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Battery Master On 6 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 6 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl · 10 kt
Info Battery Master Off 6 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Engine 1 Stopped 6 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Engine 2 Stopped 6 ft agl · 9 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 79 kt with 1.9° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

150 kt10050020°10°0°LIFTOFF1.9° off0° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0306090 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 27 kt -0.1° 0 s
Liftoff244 m 79 kt 1.9° 22.2 s
35 ft574 m · 8.9 s after liftoff 106 kt 0.3° 31.1 s
End of Climb 34,146 m · 980 ft 130 kt 9.4° 96 s

Takeoff from CYTZ 26

Runway alignment99.33
0.71m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 980 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 35 ft with 515 m of runway left; then climbing at 800 fpm on average to 980 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3THRESHOLDRUNWAY END3040506070KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 79 ktSCALE CHANGES3.1 km past the runway
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 1,252 m runway.

Rolled from 162 m in, never more than 0.7 m off the centreline. Airborne 32 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

5001,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 0.66 m RROLL 162 M INAirborne 406 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 406 m of 1,252 m · 32 %
Behind the start of the roll, 162 mTakeoff roll, 244 m Left ahead, 845 m

The approach to KBUF 23

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

High from 1.0 nm, where the final began, to 0.6 nm (up to 140 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND502272
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 167 m right of the centreline at 1.0 nm, then drifted 113 m left between 0.7 and 0.4 nm, then 110 m right of it from 0.4 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND103 m R43 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on KBUF 23

Over the threshold

Threshold height0.00
11ft
Threshold speed100.00
81kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.06m R

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
46m
Centreline0.00
21.96m R
Speed100.00
76kt
Touchdown rate2.06
-493fpm
Impact80.57
1.59G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No wind recorded: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 54 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 6 s, an average deceleration of 0.23 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

020406030 kt · 123 mtouchdown128 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 11 ft, 39 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 46 m in, 259 m short of the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

11 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −492 fpm · −2.9° nose down · 76 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 11 ft, down at 46 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink stayed between 450 fpm and 520 fpm from 14 ft to the runway. The pitch barely changed.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−3°4°10°touchdown−492 fpm at touchdown−2.9° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,693 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 22 m right of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 23 m right at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 503 M 46 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 46 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 492 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 148 m of 2,693 m · 6 %
In the air over the runway, 46 mRollout, 102 m Left over, 2,545 m
Rollout distance100.00
102m5 % used
Rollout alignment0.00
46.69m R

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