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CYTZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 26

Flight Score

79.18 %
KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 23
26 Feb 2023 0:40 57 nm DHC-4 Caribou 130 kg
Departure Score
82.03 %
Enroute Score
99.26 %
Arrival Score
47.50 %

What went well

Touchdown 46 m in — inside the full-score zone
Rollout controlled — 5 % of the runway used
Held the centreline on the roll — 0.71 m off at liftoff

What held you back

Arrival Taxi — taxi light off should be on; Average speed 30 kn at 0 %, peak speed in a turn 35 kt at 0 %, −6.00 points
Arrival Final 1 — bank angle up to 23.2 ° at 0 %, Approach angle 2.6 ° at 21 %, −3.20 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 46.69 m at 0 %, −3.00 points
Arrival Touchdown — Runway alignment max 21.96 m at 0 %, Touchdown VSI was -493 ft/m. at 2 %, −2.74 points

Top opportunity

Improve the touchdown

Arrival Touchdown

There are several things that can go wrong during the flare, carrying too much speed over the threshold, starting the flare at the wrong height and inconsistent flight control inputs, all contribute to a poor flare resulting in a hard touchdown or a float down the runway.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 16 stages, 15 scored

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 65.70Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 6 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
68 % Average speed 5 kn0 kn min to max 30 kn 0 28 kn
71 % Average speed turning corners 12 knmax 19 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
0 % Beacon, navigation and taxi lights on
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-1.3 ° min to max 3.1 ° -0.2 -0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.1 0.0 °

Events

Fail Beacon Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Fail Navigation Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Departure Roll 89.87Departure roll runway 26 at CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre. Takeoff distance 910 m 73 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 79 kn. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 22 kn at 280 °. Crosswind: 11 kn Headwind: 19 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 910 m73 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 79 knTarget 90 kn
99 % Runway alignment max 0.71 m0.00 m left to 0.71 m right -0.08 -0.71 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.2 °-0.2 ° min to max 1.8 ° -0.1 1.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.4 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights OFF should be ON
Info Flaps Position 1 6 ft agl · 20 kt
Departure Climb 1 88.86Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.0 °
100 % Average speed 95 kn79 kn min to max 106 kn 79 106 kn
55 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.1 ° min to max 5.0 ° 0.4 1.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.97 g min to max 1.06 g 1.01 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 263 ft/m180 ft/m min to max 308 ft/m 180 272 ft/m
Info Average altitude 16 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 38 ft agl 0 38 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °0.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 1.9 0.4 °
Departure Climb 2 85.72Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-1.6 ° min to max -0.0 ° -0.0 -1.6 °
100 % Average speed 111 kn102 kn min to max 137 kn 106 137 kn
43 % Average bank angle 3.0 °0.0 ° min to max 6.1 ° 1.7 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.79 g min to max 1.21 g 0.99 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 332 ft/m23 ft/m min to max 1,139 ft/m 270 678 ft/m
Info Average altitude 102 ft agl53 ft agl min to max 398 ft agl 53 398 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.3 °0.0 ° min to max 5.0 ° 0.4 3.0 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 200 ft agl · 106 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 200 ft agl · 106 kt
Departure Climb 3 80.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -2.0 °-3.1 ° min to max -1.6 ° -1.6 -3.1 °
100 % Average speed 140 kn130 kn min to max 146 kn 137 130 kn
0 % Average bank angle 5.3 °0.4 ° min to max 27.8 ° 2.7 27.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.97 g min to max 1.21 g 1.00 1.06 g
100 % Landing gear up
Info Average VSI 1,237 ft/m686 ft/m min to max 2,453 ft/m 686 2,094 ft/m
Info Average altitude 607 ft agl396 ft agl min to max 980 ft agl 396 980 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °2.2 ° min to max 10.2 ° 2.9 9.4 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile south of Little Portugal (Toronto county, Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,277 ft asl to 4,966 ft asl, an increase of 3,689 ft in 3 minutes and covering 8 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 123 kn116 kn min to max 143 kn 130 143 kn
100 % Average bank angle 11.0 °0.1 ° min to max 29.8 ° 29.1 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.93 g min to max 1.12 g 1.10 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 1,342 ft/m162 ft/m min to max 2,018 ft/m 2,018 162 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,390 ft asl1,277 ft asl min to max 4,966 ft asl 1,277 4,966 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 7.1 °0.3 ° min to max 9.8 ° 9.4 0.3 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 97.03Enroute level cruise started 7 miles south east of CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre Toronto (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 15 minutes, covering 42 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
90 % Average altitude 4,767 ft asl4,046 ft asl min to max 5,008 ft asl 4,973 4,046 ft asl
100 % Average speed 139 kn101 kn min to max 171 kn 152 103 kn
100 % Average bank angle 3.4 °0.0 ° min to max 25.7 ° 7.5 1.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.91 g min to max 1.20 g 1.00 0.98 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °-2.0 ° min to max 4.7 ° 0.1 3.4 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started overhead Clarence Center (Erie County, New York, United States). Descent from 4,043 ft asl to 1,298 ft asl, a decrease of 2,745 ft in 4 minutes and covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 82 kn75 kn min to max 95 kn 95 80 kn
100 % Average bank angle 8.0 °0.0 ° min to max 27.4 ° 6.0 14.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.84 g min to max 1.18 g 1.15 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -712 ft/m-1,011 ft/m min to max 475 ft/m 221 -456 ft/m
Info Average altitude 2,602 ft asl1,298 ft asl min to max 4,089 ft asl 4,043 1,298 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -3.0 °-5.2 ° min to max 5.6 ° 3.8 -3.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead Harris Hill (Erie County, New York, United States) and lasted 1 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,250 ft asl1,197 ft asl min to max 1,280 ft asl 1,280 1,249 ft asl
100 % Average speed 75 kn69 kn min to max 82 kn 82 78 kn
100 % Average bank angle 15.8 °0.5 ° min to max 30.1 ° 18.6 22.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.87 g min to max 1.19 g 1.04 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °-3.8 ° min to max 5.2 ° -3.5 2.6 °
Arrival 100.00Arrival started overhead Harris Hill (Erie County, New York, United States).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 79 kn72 kn min to max 84 kn 76 84 kn
100 % Average bank angle 13.8 °0.4 ° min to max 27.6 ° 19.2 23.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.91 g min to max 1.22 g 1.13 1.15 g
Info Average VSI -324 ft/m-586 ft/m min to max -89 ft/m -215 -586 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,176 ft asl1,057 ft asl min to max 1,245 ft asl 1,245 1,057 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °-2.2 ° min to max 3.8 ° 3.4 -1.1 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Arrival Final 1 51.97Approaching runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 369 ft agl to 49 ft agl. A decrease of 319 ft in 38 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
21 % Approach angle 2.6 °1.2 ° min to max 4.1 °Target 3.0 ° 4.1 1.2 °
100 % Average speed 81 kn76 kn min to max 88 kn 84 82 kn
39 % Heading variation 0.6 °-1.9 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.7 0.2 °
0 % Average bank angle 14.2 °0.1 ° min to max 23.2 ° 22.8 4.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.93 g min to max 1.25 g 1.06 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -582 ft/m-699 ft/m min to max -306 ft/m -544 -463 ft/m
Info Average altitude 118 ft agl49 ft agl min to max 369 ft agl 369 49 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -1.4 °-3.1 ° min to max -0.1 ° -1.9 -2.8 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250300Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 61.59Landing on runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl, runway length 2,693 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kn. Target 75 kn
0 % Target 50 ft agl
86 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 -0.2 °
0 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.0 ° min to max 4.0 ° 4.0 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.96 g min to max 1.01 g 0.98 1.01 g
Info Average speed 77 kn75 kn min to max 81 kn 81 76 kn
Info Average VSI -478 ft/m-495 ft/m min to max -463 ft/m -463 -495 ft/m
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 11 ft agl 11 0 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.8 °-2.9 ° min to max -2.8 ° -2.8 -2.9 °
0112233445501122344556Runway Distance mLanding Height ft01122334455-25-20-15-10-50510152025Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 58.92Touchdown distance was good at 38 m. Touchdown speed at 76 kn was too fast. Touchdown rate was hard at -493 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 22.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 1 °C. Wind 19 kn at 239 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 18 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
2 % Touchdown VSI was -493 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 38 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 76 knTarget 75 kn
0 % Runway alignment max 21.96 m16.28 m right -9.59 -21.96 m
88 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.1 1.2 °
81 % Average g force 1.21 g1.03 g min to max 1.59 g 1.09 1.03 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 78 kn76 kn min to max 78 kn 76 78 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.5 °-2.7 ° min to max 0.1 ° -2.7 -0.2 °
Arrival Rollout 55.00Total landing distance 168 m, 6 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 46.7 m from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 168 m6 % of runway.
0 % Runway alignment max 46.69 m0.00 m left to 46.69 m right -22.86 -42.34 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.03 g 1.01 0.99 g
Info Average speed 69 kn39 kn min to max 76 kn 76 39 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-1.3 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.3 -1.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.3 0.2 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 6 ft agl · 74 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 21 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 21 kn6 kn min to max 36 kn 29 8 kn
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.3 ° min to max -0.5 ° -1.3 -0.5 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 0.99 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 10.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 7 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 30 kn0 kn min to max 46 kn 7 14 kn
0 % Average speed turning corners 28 knmax 35 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.9 ° min to max 1.1 ° -0.5 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Light OFF should be ON
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 6 ft agl
Info Battery Master On 6 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 6 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 6 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 6 ft agl · 10 kt
Info Battery Master Off 6 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Engine 1 Stopped 6 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Engine 2 Stopped 6 ft agl · 9 kt

Takeoff

89.87 %
99.33Runway alignment0.71 m R
OkBounce on takeoffNone
Airfield elevation0 ft asl
Wind280° · 22 kn · 11 kn cross

Approach

51.97 %
Not assessed1,000 ft gateNot recorded
Not assessed500 ft gateNot recorded
0.00Threshold height11 ft
100.00Threshold speed81 kt
100.00Centreline offset0.06 m R

Touchdown

58.92 %
100.00Touchdown point46 m
0.00Centreline at touchdown21.96 m R
2.06Sink rate-492 ft/m
80.57Touchdown force1.59 G
OkBouncesNone
55.00Rollout distance102 m · 5 % used
Landing weight10,782 kg
Airfield elevation702 ft asl

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with six checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway.

Six checks, two gates1,000 ft500 ft
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate
On glideslope
On centreline
On speed

Touchdown on KBUF 23

Past threshold
46 m
Off centreline
21.96 mR
Sink rate
-492 ft/m
Impact
1.59G

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

11 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft 80 ft400 Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 11 ft, down at 46 m

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,693 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD FULL SCORE TO 503 M 46 m past threshold CLEARED

The 46 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 148 m of 2,693 m · 6 %

The rest of the report

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Takeoff report
Takeoff on runway 26 at CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre in the DHC-4 Caribou
82.03 %
65.7 %
Taxi
Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 6 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Taxi Lights
100 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
30 15 0
Turn Speed
71.25 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
3 1.5 0
Pitch °
Info
4 1.5 -1
89.87 %
Takeoff Roll
Departure roll runway 26 at CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre. Takeoff distance 910 m 73 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 79 kn. Local weather - Temperature 3 °C. Wind 22 kn at 280 °. Crosswind: 11 kn Headwind: 19 kn.
Takeoff Distance
100 %
Roll distance of 910 m using 72.75 % of runway
Liftoff Speed
100 %
Liftoff speed was 79 kn - Target 72 kn
Alignment
99.33 %
0.00 m left to 0.71 m right
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Strobe Lights
100 %
Switched On
Landing Lights
0 %
Switched Off
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
80 50 20
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
2 1 0
02505007501,000-25-20-15-10-50510152025 Runway Distance m Runway Alignment to End of Runway m
88.86 %
Climb 1
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
110 90 70
Bank °
55.44 %
6 3 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
3 1.5 0
Climb Rate fpm
Info
400 150 -100
85.72 %
Climb 2
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
140 120 100
Bank °
42.89 %
7 3.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
5 2.5 0
Climb Rate fpm
Info
1,200 550 -100
80 %
Climb 3
Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Toronto\/City Centre.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
150 135 120
Bank °
0 %
28 14 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
11 6.5 2
Climb Rate fpm
Info
2,500 1,500 500
02505007501,00001836547290 Runway Distance m Height at End of Runway ft
00.250.50100200300400500600700800900 Climb Distance NM Climb Profile to 1,000 ft
00.250.5-60-48-36-24-1201224364860 Climb Distance NM Runway Alignment (in m) to 1,000 ft
Landing report
Landing on runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl in the DHC-4 Caribou
Landing Score 56.87 %
51.97 %
Final 1
Approaching runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 369 ft agl to 49 ft agl. A decrease of 319 ft in 38 seconds.
Glideslope
20.92 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
38.93 %
Poor heading alignment
Glideslope °
20.92 %
4 3 2
IAS kt
100 %
87 78 70
Alignment
38.93 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
0 %
24 12 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-306 -503 -700
00.250.50.751050100150200250300 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
00.250.50.751-150-113-75-3803875113150 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment m
61.59 %
Landing
Landing on runway 23 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl, runway length 2,693 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kn.
Height
0 %
Good threshold height. Target 50 ft agl
Speed
100 %
Threshold speed was well above target at 81 kt. Target 68 kt
Flare
86.36 %
Very good landing flare
Centreline ft
100 %
100 0 -100
Bank °
0 %
5 2.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
81 76 70
Pitch °
Info
-1 -1.5 -2
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-463 -482 -500
0112233445501122344556 Runway Distance m Landing Height ft
01122334455-25-20-15-10-50510152025 Runway Distance m Runway Width m
58.92 %
Touchdown
Touchdown distance was good at 38 m. Touchdown speed at 76 kn was too fast. Touchdown rate was hard at -493 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 22.0 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 1 °C. Wind 19 kn at 239 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 18 kn.
Touchdown
2.06 %
Touchdown rate was hard at -493 ft/m.
Speed
100 %
Touchdown speed at 76 kt was too fast. Target below 60 kn
Distance
100 %
Touchdown distance was good at 38 m.
Alignment
0 %
Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 22.0 m from centreline.
Bank
87.5 %
Bank angle 0.5 °
G
80.57 %
G 1.21 g
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
55 %
Rollout
Total landing distance 168 m, 6 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 46.7 m from centreline.
Distance
100 %
Landing distance 168 m using 6.25 % of runway
Alignment
0 %
Runway rollout alignment was excessively misaligned by 46.7 m from centreline.
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
IAS kt
Info
78 59 40
Bank °
Info
2 1 0
Pitch °
Info
1 0 -1
0316394126157 Runway Distance m Runway Width m
10 %
Taxi
Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 7 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched Off
Taxi Lights
Switched Off
Ground Speed kt
30 15 0
Turn Speed
0 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
2 0.5 -1
Metrics
Metrics

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