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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Departure
Reduce climb power to bring speed back to 78 kt and hold it there.
What happened: Climb speed was 24 kt fast at 102 kt during the climb.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 78 kt in the climb
Arrival
Hold the landing attitude until the mains are on, so the aircraft is not let down onto the runway in the last moment.
What happened: The touchdown rate was 228 fpm, firmer than a full-marks touchdown. The threshold speed, the threshold height and the flare all scored well, so nothing before the touchdown explains it.
Watch for: Touchdown rate: a little less than 228 fpm next time
Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.
Read more in The Stabilised ApproachStart to finish · 19 stages, 17 in the score
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Taxi out
The roll
Rotated early
The nose came up at 56 kt, 8 kt before the 64 kt rotate speed.
The rotate speed is set for the weight and the flap, and the nose should not start up before it. Lifting it early brings the aircraft to its liftoff attitude with less speed in hand, and on a long fuselage that is the tail-strike case. Keep the hands still until the speed is there, then make one smooth, continuous pull.
Liftoff and climb
Plan view the roll down the 698 m runway.
Rolled from the start of the runway, never more than 1.2 m off the centreline. Airborne 33 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 205 m. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 11 m with 293 m of runway left; then climbing at 4.8 m/s on average to 205 m.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The dark stretch of the roll is the run with the nose up and the wheels still on, with its length and time under the runway. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Speed and pitch from brake release to the end of the climb, against time.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The grey band is the run between the nose coming up and the wheels leaving the runway. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The rotation detail below draws the rotation against the rates for this aircraft and its tail-strike pitch, where the slope reads properly. The grey dashed line across the pitch is the attitude held from 35 ft to the end: a nose held steady is a climb speed that holds, and the airspeed trace sits directly above it to compare. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
Rotation detail the pitch over the seconds from rotation to 11 m, where the slope reads properly.
The pitch over the seconds from the nose starting to come up to 11 m, stretched so the slope reads properly. The green dot is where the nose started up, the grey band runs to the wheels leaving, and the figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up. The two dashed green lines rising from the rotation point are 1.4 to 3.7° a second, the middle half of rotation rates flown by other Cessna 172 pilots over the last 180 days (64 takeoffs). A trace steeper than both green lines is a faster rotation than most, one shallower than both a slower one.
One stabilised approach gate: seven checks where the approach path is 152 m above the runway. The 305 m gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.
At the 152 m gate: no landing flap set and speed more than 17 kt above the approach speed of 57 kt.
When the approach was stable
Every check met from 0.3 nm, about 76 m above the runway, to the threshold, after the 152 m gate.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 3.0 m/s, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 122 m above the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 98 m for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 15 m. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Inside the 1° band from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to 0.7 nm, then drifted 24 m right between 0.7 and 0.3 nm, then inside the band from 0.3 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 305 m gate, closing to 17 at 152 m and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to 1.3 nm (up to +50 kt), then inside the band to 0.7 nm, then slow to 0.5 nm (up to −9 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Great landing flare
It lost 4.1 points, mostly for taking only 2.2 m/s of the sink out.
Touchdown
Rollout
Side view — the last 698 m of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 8 m, 7 m below the 15 m target; began the flare at 5 m. Touched down 112 m in, 193 m short of the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 24 m top to bottom, against 698 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 15 m over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 2.9 m/s at the flare to 1.2 m/s at touchdown. The nose came up 2.9° on the way down. Into the flare at 55 kt, on the 57 kt approach speed, and 49 kt at touchdown.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −3 is 3 m a second down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the full 698 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 2.6 m right of the centreline and drifted to 9.9 m right on the rollout. No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.
Wind 155° at 6 kt · 6 kt head · 0 kt across
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. The sentence gives the nose against the direction you were actually moving as the wheels touched, and the steepest bank as they touched, the figure the touchdown's Bank tile marks. The rest of it is shown for reading, not marked.
The 112 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.2 m/s arrival was firm.
The stop — touchdown to taxi speed.
From 50 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 5 s, an average deceleration of 0.19 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 taxied from the parking area to runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield in 2 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
Take-off was performed on runway 17. The aircraft used 256 m of runway, which is 37 % of the available length. Rotation occurred at 56 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 15 °C, wind 6 kt from 156°, with a 1 kt crosswind component and a 6 kt headwind component.
Initial climb to 304.8 m agl took 39 seconds, averaging 4.9 m/s and reaching 101 kt at the top of the climb.
The aircraft then levelled at 274 m asl for 1 minute, covering 3 nm while flying overhead Empuriabrava.
A climb from 344 m asl to 2,942 m asl was completed in 21 minutes, covering 35 nm, beginning 1 mile west of LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield.
Level flight at 3,018 m asl continued for 5 minutes, covering 6 nm, starting 1 mile north-west of Empuriabrava.
Descent from 2,928 m asl to 282 m asl was made in 4 minutes, covering 8 nm, beginning 2 miles south-east of Empuriabrava.
Final approach to runway 17 began with a descent from 339.3 m agl to 13.7 m agl in 118 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, sink rate, on glideslope, on centreline, wings level - all met; landing flap and speed - not met. The aircraft was in flap position 3 at 141.1 m agl with an airspeed of 64 kt.
Landing was on runway 17, whose length is 698 m. The threshold height was good and the threshold speed was 56 kt. The flare was described as great. Touchdown occurred 112 m down the runway at 49 kt, with a descent rate of minus 1.2 m/s; alignment was very good and there was no bounce. Total landing distance was 232 m, representing 33 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good. Local weather at landing matched departure conditions: temperature 15 °C, wind 6 kt from 156°, 1 kt crosswind, 6 kt headwind.
The entire flight covered 55 nm in 37 minutes and consumed 15 kg of fuel.
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