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LEAP
Empuriabrava, Spain
Runway 17
Elevation2 m asl
Weight765 kg
Fuel46 kg
Wind157° · 6 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

95.32 %
LEAP
Empuriabrava, Spain
Runway 17
Elevation2 m asl
Weight751 kg
Fuel32 kg
Wind155° · 6 kn · 1 kn cross
6 Nov 2026 0:37 55 nm Cessna 172 15 kg
Departure Score
95.48 %
Enroute Score
99.99 %
Arrival Score
90.49 %

What went well

Touchdown 112 m in — inside the full-score zone
Threshold crossed at 8 m and 55 kt — both inside band
Straight touchdown — 2.57 m off the centreline, no bounce

What held you back

Arrival Approach — 152 m gate 71 %, −2.38 points
Departure Climb 3 — climb speed 102 kt against 78 kt at 59 %, −1.09 points
Firm touchdown — 1.2 m/s, −0.52 points across the landing and the touchdown
  • Arrival Touchdown · sink rate 1.2 m/s−0.42
  • Arrival Landing · flare: the descent was not taken out−0.09
  • Arrival Touchdown · 1.32 G at contact−0.02

Next time

Departure

Reduce climb power to bring speed back to 78 kt and hold it there.

What happened: Climb speed was 24 kt fast at 102 kt during the climb.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 78 kt in the climb

See Departure Climb 3

Arrival

Hold the landing attitude until the mains are on, so the aircraft is not let down onto the runway in the last moment.

What happened: The touchdown rate was 228 fpm, firmer than a full-marks touchdown. The threshold speed, the threshold height and the flare all scored well, so nothing before the touchdown explains it.

Watch for: Touchdown rate: a little less than 228 fpm next time

See Arrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 19 stages, 17 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 100.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 2 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 7 kt0 kt min to max 13 kt 0 5 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 7 ktmax 12 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °0.3 ° min to max 2.8 ° 2.2 1.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.4 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 0.9 m agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 0.9 m agl · 2 kt
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield, Average speed was 6 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 14 kt9 kt min to max 19 kt 9 19 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.7 °2.6 ° min to max 2.8 ° 2.7 2.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.2 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Info Average g force 0.99 g0.98 g min to max 0.99 g 0.99 0.98 g
Departure Roll 95.00Departure roll runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield. Takeoff distance 256 m 37 % of runway. Rotation speed was 56 kt. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 6 kt at 156 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 6 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 256 m37 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 56 ktTarget 64 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 1.23 m right0.00 m left to 1.23 m right -1.02 -0.27 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.96 g min to max 1.09 g 0.99 1.09 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 2.4 °1.3 ° min to max 6.6 ° 2.5 6.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.3 0.1 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 15.2 m agl from runway 17 LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.2 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.2 °
100 % Average speed 72 kt68 kt min to max 76 kt 68 76 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.0 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.09 g0.90 g min to max 1.19 g 1.12 0.90 g
Info Average VSI 3.7 m/s2.0 m/s min to max 4.6 m/s 2.0 4.5 m/s
Info Average altitude 3.5 m agl0.0 m agl min to max 10.2 m agl 0.0 10.2 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.6 °6.9 ° min to max 11.1 ° 6.9 8.7 °
Departure Climb 2 98.82Departure climb to 121.9 m agl from 17 LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.5 °-1.4 ° min to max -0.2 ° -0.2 -0.7 °
100 % Average speed 83 kt76 kt min to max 100 kt 76 100 kt
95 % Steepest bank angle 6.6 °0.0 ° min to max 6.6 ° 0.6 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.90 g min to max 1.20 g 0.90 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 4.3 m/s3.1 m/s min to max 6.9 m/s 4.5 6.9 m/s
Info Average altitude 30.9 m agl10.6 m agl min to max 110.3 m agl 10.6 110.3 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.8 °4.3 ° min to max 8.6 ° 8.6 7.7 °
Departure Climb 3 83.59Departure climb to 304.8 m agl from 17 LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
59 % Climb speed 102 kt100 kt min to max 103 ktTarget 78 kt, 24 kt fast 100 101 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 19.0 °0.4 ° min to max 19.0 ° 0.4 14.9 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.88 g min to max 1.13 g 1.04 0.94 g
100 % Landing gear fixed
Info Heading variation 0.2 °-0.4 ° min to max 1.5 ° -0.4 1.5 °
Info Average VSI 6.3 m/s4.5 m/s min to max 7.8 m/s 7.5 6.2 m/s
Info Average altitude 161.9 m agl117.4 m agl min to max 204.6 m agl 117.4 204.6 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 6.1 °4.1 ° min to max 8.3 ° 8.3 5.3 °
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead Empuriabrava (Catalunya, Spain) and lasted 1 minutes, covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±163 m of 287 m asl214 m asl min to max 344 m asl 214 344 m asl
100 % Average speed 110 kt100 kt min to max 123 kt 100 107 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 30.1 °0.0 ° min to max 30.1 ° 14.2 4.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.89 g min to max 1.23 g 0.91 1.04 g
Info Turn coordination 11-6 min to max 26 18 11
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °-3.1 ° min to max 6.4 ° 4.2 1.1 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile west of LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield Empuriabrava (Catalunya, Spain). Climbing from 344 m asl to 1,079 m asl, an increase of 734.9 m in 5 minutes and covering 9 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 96 kt89 kt min to max 108 kt 107 96 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 16.5 °0.0 ° min to max 16.5 ° 4.1 2.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.86 g min to max 1.25 g 1.07 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 2.9 m/s-0.2 m/s min to max 7.6 m/s 0.3 2.5 m/s
Info Average altitude 599 m asl344 m asl min to max 1,079 m asl 344 1,079 m asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.8 °0.1 ° min to max 9.5 ° 1.8 4.4 °
Info Turn coordination 2-12 min to max 29 -1 -7
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north of Espolla (Catalunya, Spain) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±208 m of 1,200 m asl1,106 m asl min to max 1,220 m asl 1,106 1,220 m asl
100 % Average speed 98 kt91 kt min to max 102 kt 97 102 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 3.9 °0.1 ° min to max 3.9 ° 1.9 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.85 g min to max 1.11 g 0.99 1.01 g
Info Turn coordination -2-12 min to max 4 -4 -2
Info Average pitch angle 1.6 °-0.9 ° min to max 5.3 ° 3.0 1.0 °

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 748.9 m agl · 101 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 748.9 m agl · 101 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 665.1 m agl · 104 kt
Enroute Climb 2 100.00Enroute climb started 3 miles north east of Cantallops (Catalunya, Spain). Climbing from 1,221 m asl to 2,372 m asl, an increase of 1,151.3 m in 8 minutes and covering 14 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 93 kt66 kt min to max 105 kt 102 92 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 27.0 °0.0 ° min to max 27.0 ° 0.5 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.89 g min to max 1.17 g 0.97 1.01 g
Info Average VSI 2.5 m/s-0.5 m/s min to max 5.2 m/s 0.4 1.9 m/s
Info Average altitude 1,588 m asl1,221 m asl min to max 2,372 m asl 1,221 2,372 m asl
Info Average pitch angle 5.1 °0.0 ° min to max 13.7 ° 0.4 3.3 °
Info Turn coordination 0-17 min to max 12 -8 -3

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 490.1 m agl · 112 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 349.9 m agl · 113 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 334.1 m agl · 105 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 334.1 m agl · 105 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 847.6 m agl · 92 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Deactivated 847.6 m agl · 92 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 1,719.7 m agl · 114 kt
Enroute Level 3 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north of Espolla (Catalunya, Spain) and lasted 4 minutes, covering 5 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±272 m of 2,548 m asl2,392 m asl min to max 2,698 m asl 2,392 2,698 m asl
100 % Average speed 89 kt86 kt min to max 92 kt 92 86 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.3 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.95 g min to max 1.01 g 0.99 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination -1-7 min to max 3 -4 3
Info Average pitch angle 3.2 °3.1 ° min to max 3.7 ° 3.2 3.2 °
Enroute Climb 3 100.00Enroute climb started overhead Garriguella (Catalunya, Spain). Climbing from 2,711 m asl to 2,942 m asl, an increase of 230.8 m in 3 minutes and covering 4 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 79 kt72 kt min to max 86 kt 86 72 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 0.7 °0.0 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.0 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.03 g 1.00 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1.3 m/s0.8 m/s min to max 1.9 m/s 1.3 1.6 m/s
Info Average altitude 2,832 m asl2,711 m asl min to max 2,942 m asl 2,711 2,942 m asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.4 °3.2 ° min to max 5.6 ° 3.2 5.6 °
Info Turn coordination 0-6 min to max 4 2 -5
Enroute Level 4 100.00Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north west of Empuriabrava (Catalunya, Spain) and lasted 5 minutes, covering 6 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±300 m of 3,022 m asl2,935 m asl min to max 3,046 m asl 2,956 2,935 m asl
100 % Average speed 68 kt61 kt min to max 86 kt 70 86 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 20.8 °0.0 ° min to max 20.8 ° 0.3 17.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.93 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.08 g
Info Turn coordination -8-31 min to max 7 -7 -17
Info Average pitch angle 3.5 °-4.9 ° min to max 7.2 ° 5.5 -4.4 °

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 3,041.9 m agl · 82 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 3,044.6 m agl · 80 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 3,044.6 m agl · 80 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 3,020.0 m agl · 91 kt
Enroute Descent 99.94Enroute descent started 2 miles south east of Empuriabrava (Catalunya, Spain). Descent from 2,928 m asl to 282 m asl, a decrease of 2,646.5 m in 4 minutes and covering 8 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 108 kt80 kt min to max 141 kt 87 80 kt
100 % Steepest bank angle 36.8 °0.0 ° min to max 36.8 ° 14.9 6.1 °
99 % Average g force 1.04 g0.53 g min to max 1.52 g 1.04 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -8.1 m/s-22.2 m/s min to max 2.4 m/s -6.7 -3.3 m/s
Info Average altitude 777 m asl282 m asl min to max 2,928 m asl 2,928 282 m asl
Info Average pitch angle -6.2 °-17.1 ° min to max 6.0 ° -4.6 -2.0 °
Info Turn coordination -20-42 min to max 5 -15 -13

Events

Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated 2,915.1 m agl · 107 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 445.0 m agl · 107 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 445.0 m agl · 107 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 365.5 m agl · 115 kt
Info Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated 365.5 m agl · 115 kt
Arrival Approach 71.43Final approach to runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield. Descent from 339.3 m agl to 13.7 m agl in 118 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
0 % Landing flapfailed
100 % Sink ratepassed
100 % On glideslopepassed
100 % On centrelinepassed
0 % On speedfailed
100 % Wings levelpassed

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 254.5 m agl · 86 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 141.1 m agl · 64 kt
Arrival Landing 98.97Landing on runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield, runway length 698 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was good at 56 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was good at 56 kt. Target 57 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 11.6 m agl
96 % Great landing flare. It lost 4.1 points, mostly for taking only 2.2 m/s of the sink out.
100 % Runway alignment max 2.12 m right1.35 m right to 2.12 m right -1.35 -2.12 m
100 % Steepest bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 1.0 0.8 °
100 % Peak g force 1.11 g1.00 g min to max 1.11 g 1.00 1.01 g
Info Average speed 53 kt49 kt min to max 56 kt 56 49 kt
Info Average VSI -2.6 m/s-3.2 m/s min to max -1.4 m/s -3.2 -1.4 m/s
Info Average altitude 2.6 m agl-1.7 m agl min to max 8.2 m agl 8.2 -1.7 m agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.5 °-1.6 ° min to max 4.3 ° -1.6 2.3 °
07502.795.578.361114Runway Distance mLanding Height m075-12-10-8-6-4-2024681012Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 94.75Touchdown distance was good at 112 m. Touchdown speed at 49 kt was good. Touchdown rate was fair at -1.2 m/s. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 6 kt at 156 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 6 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
75 % Touchdown rate was -1.2 m/s.
100 % Touchdown distance was 112 mTarget 385 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 49 ktTarget below 56 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 2.57 m right2.38 m right -2.12 -2.57 m
100 % Steepest bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.8 0.1 °
96 % Peak g force 1.32 g0.93 g min to max 1.32 g 1.01 1.08 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 48 kt47 kt min to max 49 kt 49 47 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.7 °2.3 ° min to max 4.6 ° 2.3 4.6 °
Arrival Rollout 96.82Total landing distance 232 m, 33 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 232 m33 % of runway.
93 % Runway alignment max 5.17 m right0.00 m left to 5.17 m right -5.17 -5.02 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.99 g min to max 1.07 g 1.07 1.00 g
Info Average speed 40 kt30 kt min to max 49 kt 49 30 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °1.1 ° min to max 4.8 ° 4.7 1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.1 0.5 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 3 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 10 kt0 kt min to max 30 kt 30 0 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °0.3 ° min to max 2.7 ° 1.1 1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.1 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.6 0.9 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.01 1.00 g

Takeoff from LEAP 17

Taxi out

Lights75.00
Offlanding
Taxi speed100.00
13kt peak7 kt in turns

The roll

Takeoff roll100.00
256m37 %
Runway alignment100.00
1.23m R
Rotation speed100.00
56kttarget 64, 8 early

Rotated early

The nose came up at 56 kt, 8 kt before the 64 kt rotate speed.

The rotate speed is set for the weight and the flap, and the nose should not start up before it. Lifting it early brings the aircraft to its liftoff attitude with less speed in hand, and on a long fuselage that is the tail-strike case. Keep the hands still until the speed is there, then make one smooth, continuous pull.

Liftoff and climb

Liftoff
68ktat 4.8°
Rotation
1.4°/sover 2.2 s, gaining 12 kt
11 m
76ktat 8.5°, 4.7 s after liftoff
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Bank after liftoff100.00
1.0°steepest
Climb 3 speed58.98
102kttarget 78

Plan view the roll down the 698 m runway.

Rolled from the start of the runway, never more than 1.2 m off the centreline. Airborne 33 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

100200300400500600THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 1.24 m RAirborne 232 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 232 m of 698 m · 33 %
Takeoff roll, 232 m Left ahead, 466 m

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 205 m. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 11 m with 293 m of runway left; then climbing at 4.8 m/s on average to 205 m.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The dark stretch of the roll is the run with the nose up and the wheels still on, with its length and time under the runway. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

229 m114 m0CLIMB 3102 kt avgtarget 78THRESHOLDRUNWAY END304050KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLnose up on the runway · 71 m · 2.2 sRotate 56 kttarget 64Liftoff 68 ktSCALE CHANGES1.4 km past the runway
On the runwayNose up, wheels on the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayClimb 3

Speed and pitch from brake release to the end of the climb, against time.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The grey band is the run between the nose coming up and the wheels leaving the runway. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The rotation detail below draws the rotation against the rates for this aircraft and its tail-strike pitch, where the slope reads properly. The grey dashed line across the pitch is the attitude held from 35 ft to the end: a nose held steady is a climb speed that holds, and the airspeed trace sits directly above it to compare. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 78120 kt8040020°10°0°nose up on the runway · 71 m · 2.2 sROTATELIFTOFFtarget 64held 7.5°4.8° off · 1.4°/s9° at 11 mAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganNose up, wheels on the runwayClimb attitude heldClimb 3

Rotation detail the pitch over the seconds from rotation to 11 m, where the slope reads properly.

How to read this

The pitch over the seconds from the nose starting to come up to 11 m, stretched so the slope reads properly. The green dot is where the nose started up, the grey band runs to the wheels leaving, and the figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up. The two dashed green lines rising from the rotation point are 1.4 to 3.7° a second, the middle half of rotation rates flown by other Cessna 172 pilots over the last 180 days (64 takeoffs). A trace steeper than both green lines is a faster rotation than most, one shallower than both a slower one.

20°10°0°1.4°/s3.7°/sROTATELIFTOFF11 M4.8° off · 1.4°/s9° at 11 mROTATION DETAIL-2-10+1+2+3+4+5+6+7 sseconds from rotation
PitchRotation began1.4 to 3.7°/s, other Cessna 172 pilotsNose up, wheels on the runway

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: seven checks where the approach path is 152 m above the runway. The 305 m gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.

Seven checks, one gate152 m 71.435 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate3.5 m/s
On glideslope4.9°
On centreline0.8° off
On speed+23 kt
Wings level6° bank

At the 152 m gate: no landing flap set and speed more than 17 kt above the approach speed of 57 kt.

When the approach was stable

Every check met from 0.3 nm, about 76 m above the runway, to the threshold, after the 152 m gate.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 3.0 m/s, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Landing flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to LEAP 17

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 122 m above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 98 m for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 15 m. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

152305457610762 m4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE4053082101133° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND33217192152 m gate5 of 7landing flapon speed271 m · 80 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to 0.7 nm, then drifted 24 m right between 0.7 and 0.3 nm, then inside the band from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND67 m L9 m R19 m R42 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 305 m gate, closing to 17 at 152 m and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 2.1 nm, where the final began, to 1.3 nm (up to +50 kt), then inside the band to 0.7 nm, then slow to 0.5 nm (up to −9 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

6080100120 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 57+40 kt+0 kt−4 kt−1 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on LEAP 17

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
8m
Threshold speed100.00
55kttarget 57, 2 slow
Centreline offset100.00
2.12m R
Bank100.00
1.0°steepest
Flare95.89

Great landing flare

It lost 4.1 points, mostly for taking only 2.2 m/s of the sink out.

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
112m
Centreline100.00
2.57m R
Speed100.00
48kttarget 56 or less
Touchdown rate74.77
-1.2m/s
Impact96.00
1.32G
BouncesOk
None
Bank100.00
1.2°as the wheels touched

Rollout

Rollout distance100.00
101m30 % used
Rollout alignment92.93
5.17m R

Side view — the last 698 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 8 m, 7 m below the 15 m target; began the flare at 5 m. Touched down 112 m in, 193 m short of the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 24 m top to bottom, against 698 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 15 m over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

8 m over the threshold · target 15 m FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 3–14 M 24 m120 Flare 5 m · −3.0 m/s · −0.5° · 55 ktdescent slowed at 1 m · −0.7 m/s · 3.6°−1.2 m/s · 2.3° nose up · 49 kt Ideal — 15 m, down at 305 m This flight — 8 m, down at 112 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 2.9 m/s at the flare to 1.2 m/s at touchdown. The nose came up 2.9° on the way down. Into the flare at 55 kt, on the 57 kt approach speed, and 49 kt at touchdown.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −3 is 3 m a second down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE M/S · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−2.5−5.1−2°4°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−1.2 m/s at touchdown2.3° at touchdown, +2.9° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 698 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 2.6 m right of the centreline and drifted to 9.9 m right on the rollout. No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 155° at 6 kt · 6 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. The sentence gives the nose against the direction you were actually moving as the wheels touched, and the steepest bank as they touched, the figure the touchdown's Bank tile marks. The rest of it is shown for reading, not marked.

500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 423 M 112 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 112 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.2 m/s arrival was firm.

Runway used 214 m of 698 m · 31 %
In the air over the runway, 112 mRollout, 101 m Left over, 484 m

The stop — touchdown to taxi speed.

From 50 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 5 s, an average deceleration of 0.19 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

020406030 kt · 116 mtouchdown121 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The Cessna 172 taxied from the parking area to runway 17 at LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield in 2 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.

Take-off was performed on runway 17. The aircraft used 256 m of runway, which is 37 % of the available length. Rotation occurred at 56 kt. Local weather at departure was temperature 15 °C, wind 6 kt from 156°, with a 1 kt crosswind component and a 6 kt headwind component.

Initial climb to 304.8 m agl took 39 seconds, averaging 4.9 m/s and reaching 101 kt at the top of the climb.

The aircraft then levelled at 274 m asl for 1 minute, covering 3 nm while flying overhead Empuriabrava.

A climb from 344 m asl to 2,942 m asl was completed in 21 minutes, covering 35 nm, beginning 1 mile west of LEAP Ampuriabrava Airfield.

Level flight at 3,018 m asl continued for 5 minutes, covering 6 nm, starting 1 mile north-west of Empuriabrava.

Descent from 2,928 m asl to 282 m asl was made in 4 minutes, covering 8 nm, beginning 2 miles south-east of Empuriabrava.

Final approach to runway 17 began with a descent from 339.3 m agl to 13.7 m agl in 118 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, sink rate, on glideslope, on centreline, wings level - all met; landing flap and speed - not met. The aircraft was in flap position 3 at 141.1 m agl with an airspeed of 64 kt.

Landing was on runway 17, whose length is 698 m. The threshold height was good and the threshold speed was 56 kt. The flare was described as great. Touchdown occurred 112 m down the runway at 49 kt, with a descent rate of minus 1.2 m/s; alignment was very good and there was no bounce. Total landing distance was 232 m, representing 33 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good. Local weather at landing matched departure conditions: temperature 15 °C, wind 6 kt from 156°, 1 kt crosswind, 6 kt headwind.

The entire flight covered 55 nm in 37 minutes and consumed 15 kg of fuel.

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