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KBUF
Buffalo, United States
Runway 32
Elevation699 ft asl
Weight1,017 kg
Fuel76 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

89.48 %
KIAG
Niagara Falls, United States
Runway 28R
Elevation587 ft asl
Weight1,001 kg
Fuel45 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn
30 Sep 2024 0:53 17 nm Cessna Skyhawk 31 kg
Departure Score
93.25 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
75.20 %

What went well

Touched down at -155 fpm — a soft arrival
1.17 G at touchdown — inside band
Rollout controlled — 30 % of the runway used

What held you back

Arrival Taxi — taxi lights; peak taxi speed 43 kt at 0 %, peak speed in a turn 36 kt at 0 %, −5.67 points
Arrival Landing — Landing and flare profile at 0 %, −1.74 points
Departure Climb 2 — bounce on liftoff; bank angle up to 17.6 ° at 59 %, −1.14 points

Top opportunity

Work on the flare

Arrival Landing

Arrive slow and the sink rate at the threshold is already above schedule, the flare is short because there is no energy to extend it, and the touchdown is hard in a way that feels exactly like a late flare. Diagnosing a slow arrival as a late flare is the catastrophic misread: you respond by flaring earlier, which bleeds more speed, which makes the next one worse. The tiebreaker is threshold speed against VRef, not feel. Never diagnose a flare without it.

Read more in Flare Timing

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 scored

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl, Average speed was 0 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 0 kn0 kn min to max 0 kn 0 0 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 90.00Departure roll runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl. Takeoff distance 425 m 23 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 62 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 425 m23 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 62 knTarget 62 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 2.08 m1.30 m left to 0.78 m right 0.94 -0.78 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.10 g 1.00 1.10 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 1.2 °0.6 ° min to max 4.8 ° 0.7 4.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.2 0.2 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Fail Strobe Lights
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.3 °
100 % Average speed 68 kn62 kn min to max 73 kn 62 73 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.2 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.10 g 1.10 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 389 ft/m286 ft/m min to max 482 ft/m 331 286 ft/m
Info Average altitude 27 ft agl1 ft agl min to max 51 ft agl 1 51 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.7 °4.4 ° min to max 7.2 ° 4.8 4.4 °
Departure Climb 2 89.74Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.4 °-0.3 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.3 -0.3 °
100 % Average speed 77 kn73 kn min to max 83 kn 73 83 kn
59 % Average bank angle 1.9 °0.9 ° min to max 17.6 ° 0.9 17.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.05 g 1.00 1.02 g
Info Average VSI 433 ft/m286 ft/m min to max 861 ft/m 286 861 ft/m
Info Average altitude 81 ft agl51 ft agl min to max 224 ft agl 51 224 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.1 °4.4 ° min to max 7.1 ° 4.4 7.0 °

Events

Fail Bounce during liftoff 103 ft agl · 86 kt
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started overhead KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl Buffalo (New York, United States). Climbing from 946 ft asl to 1,454 ft asl, an increase of 508 ft in 1 minutes and covering 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 88 kn83 kn min to max 102 kn 83 102 kn
100 % Average bank angle 4.6 °0.1 ° min to max 19.1 ° 19.1 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.82 g min to max 1.10 g 1.02 0.95 g
Info Average VSI 662 ft/m-205 ft/m min to max 1,024 ft/m 841 -130 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,249 ft asl946 ft asl min to max 1,467 ft asl 946 1,454 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.9 °-1.1 ° min to max 7.7 ° 6.8 -0.9 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Master Switched On 593 ft agl · 93 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 593 ft agl · 93 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 753 ft agl · 97 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 1 mile south west of Williamsville (New York, United States) and lasted less than 1 minute. , covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,449 ft asl1,445 ft asl min to max 1,453 ft asl 1,451 1,445 ft asl
100 % Average speed 114 kn104 kn min to max 118 kn 104 114 kn
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.4 1.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.93 g min to max 1.09 g 0.99 1.07 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-1.2 ° min to max 0.4 ° -0.8 0.0 °
Arrival 91.35Arrival started 1 mile south west of Williamsville (New York, United States).
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 103 kn61 kn min to max 118 kn 114 74 kn
79 % Average bank angle 6.6 °0.0 ° min to max 35.8 ° 1.0 3.8 °
99 % Average g force 1.03 g0.68 g min to max 1.54 g 1.07 0.97 g
Info Average VSI 54 ft/m-1,244 ft/m min to max 1,758 ft/m -46 -94 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,150 ft asl422 ft asl min to max 1,480 ft asl 1,445 879 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °-5.8 ° min to max 12.9 ° 0.0 -0.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 798 ft agl · 112 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched Off 837 ft agl · 103 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 777 ft agl · 102 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 868 ft agl · 98 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 1,102 ft agl · 103 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched Off 1,031 ft agl · 113 kt
Info Battery Master Off 839 ft agl · 112 kt
Info Engine 1 Stopped 815 ft agl · 115 kt
Info Battery Master On 815 ft agl · 115 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 815 ft agl · 115 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 415 ft agl · 83 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 291 ft agl · 90 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 292 ft agl · 83 kt
Arrival Final 1 93.16Approaching runway 28R at KIAG Niagara Falls Intl from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 290 ft agl to 65 ft agl. A decrease of 226 ft in 34 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
67 % Approach angle 3.7 °3.3 ° min to max 3.9 °Target 2.5 ° 3.4 3.9 °
100 % Average speed 56 kn53 kn min to max 72 kn 72 54 kn
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
99 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 3.4 ° 3.4 1.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.92 g min to max 1.14 g 1.03 0.99 g
Info Average VSI -365 ft/m-612 ft/m min to max -92 ft/m -92 -358 ft/m
Info Average altitude 111 ft agl65 ft agl min to max 290 ft agl 290 65 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-3.2 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.1 -0.2 °
00.250.50.751050100150200250Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-50-38-25-13013253850Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment m
Arrival Landing 73.89Landing on runway 28R at KIAG Niagara Falls Intl, runway length 2,773 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was a little below target at 54 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
96 % Threshold speed was a little below target at 54 kn. Target 63 kn
100 % Target 50 ft agl
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
99 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 2.4 ° 1.6 2.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.89 g min to max 1.13 g 0.99 0.95 g
Info Average speed 54 kn49 kn min to max 55 kn 54 49 kn
Info Average VSI -206 ft/m-362 ft/m min to max -68 ft/m -358 -151 ft/m
Info Average altitude 18 ft agl-8 ft agl min to max 54 ft agl 54 -8 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.4 °-0.2 ° min to max 4.5 ° -0.2 2.4 °
07515022530037545052560067501123344657Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 93.96Touchdown point was 198 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 49 kn was good. Touchdown rate was good at -151 ft/m. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 269 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
98 % Touchdown VSI was -151 ft/m.
84 % Touchdown distance was 600 mTarget 457 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 49 knTarget 53 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 2.80 m2.70 m left 2.60 2.80 m
96 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.4 ° 2.4 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.85 g min to max 1.17 g 0.95 1.06 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 48 kn46 kn min to max 49 kn 49 46 kn
Info Average pitch angle 2.5 °0.4 ° min to max 4.8 ° 2.4 1.3 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 885 m, 32 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 885 m32 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 4.85 m2.82 m left to 2.03 m right 2.81 -2.03 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g1.00 g min to max 1.06 g 1.05 1.00 g
Info Average speed 47 kn30 kn min to max 54 kn 54 30 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °0.1 ° min to max 1.6 ° 1.3 1.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.2 °

Events

Fail Bounce during touchdown 3 ft agl · 46 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 17 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 28 kn18 kn min to max 31 kn 30 18 kn
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °-0.3 ° min to max 1.4 ° 1.2 0.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.2 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 3 ft agl · 31 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl · 31 kt
Arrival Taxi 15.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 11 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Average speed 21 kn0 kn min to max 43 kn 18 6 kn
0 % Average speed turning corners 15 knmax 36 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.77 g min to max 1.06 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °-1.4 ° min to max 2.5 ° 0.6 0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.3 0.1 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl

Takeoff

100.00Takeoff roll425 m · 23 %
100.00Liftoff speed62 kt
100.00Runway alignment1.30 m L
OkBounce on takeoffNone
100.00Rate of climb388 fpm

Landing

The threshold, the flare and the hold-off. The approach that led to it is the stabilisation gates below.

100.00Threshold height53 ft
95.93Threshold speed53 kt
100.00Centreline offset0.04 m L

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: five checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out.

Five checks, one gate500 ft
Gear down
Sink rate
On glideslope
On centreline
On speed

Touchdown on KIAG 28R

Past threshold84.13
602m
Centreline100.00
2.80m L
Speed100.00
49kt
Touchdown rate98.26
-155fpm
Impact100.00
1.17G
Bounces80.00
1

Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.

53 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft 80 ft400 Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 53 ft, down at 602 m

Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 2,773 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD FULL SCORE TO 503 M 602 m past threshold CLEARED

Touched down 602 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 831 m of 2,773 m · 30 %
Rollout distance100.00
229m30 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
2.82m L

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight map
Replay this flight in 3D The full flight path over the terrain with every stage, event and score along the route.
Takeoff report
Takeoff on runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl in the Cessna Skyhawk
93.25 %
90 %
Takeoff Roll
Departure roll runway 32 at KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl. Takeoff distance 425 m 23 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 62 kn. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 270 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
Takeoff Distance
100 %
Roll distance of 425 m using 22.83 % of runway
Liftoff Speed
100 %
Liftoff speed was 62 kn - Target 62 kn
Alignment
100 %
1.30 m left to 0.78 m right
Bounce
100 %
No Bounce Detected
Strobe Lights
0 %
Switched On
Landing Lights
0 %
Switched On
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
70 35 0
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
5 2.5 0
02505007501,0001,250-25-20-15-10-50510152025 Runway Distance m Runway Alignment to End of Runway m
100 %
Climb 1
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
80 70 60
Bank °
100 %
1 0.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
8 6 4
Climb Rate fpm
Info
500 200 -100
89.74 %
Climb 2
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 32 KBUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.
Alignment
100 %
2 0 -2
IAS kt
100 %
90 80 70
Bank °
58.97 %
18 9 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Pitch °
Info
8 6 4
Climb Rate fpm
Info
900 500 100
02505007501,0001,25004182123164205 Runway Distance m Height at End of Runway ft
00.030.070.10.130.170100200 Climb Distance NM Climb Profile to 1,000 ft
00.030.070.10.130.17-60-48-36-24-1201224364860 Climb Distance NM Runway Alignment (in m) to 1,000 ft
Landing report
Landing on runway 28R at KIAG Niagara Falls Intl in the Cessna Skyhawk
Landing Score 90.25 %
Landing Summary
This flight was recorded using the free subscription and the AI landing analysis report is not available.
93.16 %
Final 1
Approaching runway 28R at KIAG Niagara Falls Intl from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 290 ft agl to 65 ft agl. A decrease of 226 ft in 34 seconds.
Glideslope
66.84 %
Poor descent path above glideslope limit
Heading
100 %
Excellent heading alignment
Glideslope °
66.84 %
3 2 1
IAS kt
100 %
72 61 50
Alignment
100 %
0.5 0 -0.5
Bank °
98.97 %
4 2 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-92 -396 -700
00.250.50.751050100150200250 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Height ft
00.250.50.751-50-38-25-13013253850 Distance to Touchdown NM Approach Runway Alignment m
73.89 %
Landing
Landing on runway 28R at KIAG Niagara Falls Intl, runway length 2,773 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was a little below target at 54 kn.
Height
100 %
Good threshold height. Target 50 ft agl
Speed
95.93 %
Threshold speed was a little below target at 54 kt. Target 63 kt
Flare
0 %
Very poor landing flare
Centreline ft
100 %
100 0 -100
Bank °
99.03 %
3 1.5 0
G
100 %
1.5 1 0.5
IAS kt
Info
55 48 40
Pitch °
Info
5 2.5 0
Descent Rate fpm
Info
-69 -234 -400
07515022530037545052560067501123344657 Runway Distance m Landing Height ft
075150225300375450525600675-24-20-16-12-8-404812162024 Runway Distance m Runway Width m
93.96 %
Touchdown
Touchdown point was 198 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 49 kn was good. Touchdown rate was good at -151 ft/m. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kn at 269 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
Touchdown
98.26 %
Touchdown rate was good at -155 fpm.
Speed
100 %
Touchdown speed at 49 kt was good. Target below 53 kn
Distance
84.33 %
Touchdown point was 198 m beyond the touchdown zone.
Alignment
100 %
Runway touchdown alignment was very good.
Bank
95.5 %
Bank angle 0.4 °
G
100 %
G 1.03 g
Bounce
80 %
Bounce Detected
100 %
Rollout
Total landing distance 885 m, 32 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
Distance
100 %
Landing distance 885 m using 31.89 % of runway
Alignment
100 %
Runway rollout alignment was perfect.
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
IAS kt
Info
46 28 10
Bank °
Info
1 0.5 0
Pitch °
Info
2 1 0
0200400600800 Runway Distance m Runway Width m
15 %
Taxi
Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 11 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
Landing Lights
100 %
Switched Off
Taxi Lights
0 %
Switched On
Ground Speed kt
0 %
30 15 0
Turn Speed
0 %
30 15 0
G
100 %
1.25 1 0.75
Bank °
Info
2 1 0
Pitch °
Info
3 1 -1
Metrics
Metrics

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