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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Arrival
Reduce power earlier on final to bring threshold speed back to 58 kt.
What happened: You crossed the threshold at 58 kt against a target of 58 kt, and touchdown followed at 69 m, well short of the 362 m aim point. Carrying extra speed over the threshold usually floats the flare and carries the touchdown point short.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator, target 58 kt at the threshold.
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 18 stages, 15 in the score
Events
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 72 kt, 8 kt above the 64 kt target, and lifted off at 73 kt 0.5 s later with 5.8° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 763 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft with 93 m of runway left; then climbing at 800 fpm on average to 763 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 628 m runway.
Rolled from the start of the runway, drifted 5.3 m right of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 57 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Right-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.
Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.9 nm out at 94 kt
The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.
Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded
The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.
Off heading: 9° from the leg's heading on average.
Each lap slightly wider and higher than the last, because you're unconsciously using the previous lap as your reference instead of the runway and the numbers. Invisible lap to lap, unmistakable across ten. This is the failure that only measurement catches, because your memory of lap three is gone by lap eight.
Read more in Pattern WorkLow on downwind: 885 ft against 1,000 ft, 115 ft below.
Descending on downwind. Power comes back abeam, the aircraft isn't re-trimmed, your eyes are outside judging the turn point, and 100 ft leaks away before base. Shows up as a low gate 2, and everything after it is a scramble.
Read more in Pattern WorkGood: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn.
The final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 2.2 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 190 ft below the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Inside the 1° band all the way from 2.2 nm, never more than 205 m off the centreline.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 17 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band all the way, between −8 kt and +13 kt on the approach speed of 58 kt.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The aircraft touched down before the threshold. Everything the flare is measured against - the profile, the crossing height, the aim point - is referenced to a threshold this landing never reached, so read the numbers below as what happened short of the runway, not on it. Landing short is the fault to fix before anything about the hold-off is worth judging.
5 kt across from the left, which takes about 6° of crab to hold the centreline at 50 kt. Touched down with 6° of it still on, wings level.
Wind 207° at 11 kt · 9 kt head · 5 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 45 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 11 s, an average deceleration of 0.07 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 628 m of the approach.
Began the flare late, at 0 ft; crossed the threshold at 60 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 69 m before the threshold.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 628 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Plan view — the full 628 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Touched down 69 m short of the threshold. The 1.86 G arrival is the firm side of smooth.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 departed from EDLH Hamm-Lippewiesen Airfield on runway 24. After a 3-minute, 1 nm taxi from the parking area, the take-off roll covered 367 m, which was 58 % of the runway. Rotation occurred at 72 kt. Local weather was 12 °C with wind 5 kt from 192°, giving a 3 kt headwind and a 3 kt crosswind.
The aircraft climbed to 400 ft agl in 56 seconds, averaging 936 fpm and reaching 85 kt at the top of the initial climb. The right-hand circuit lasted 5 minutes. The downwind leg was 3 nm and was flown in 109 seconds at 1 050 ft agl; the base leg was less than 1 nm and took 21 seconds.
On final approach to runway 24, descent was from 708 ft agl to 222 ft agl in 127 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were all met: gear down, landing flap, sink rate, glideslope, centreline, speed, and wings level. The aircraft was in flap position 3 at 378 ft agl and was flying 68 kt.
Touchdown occurred 68 m short of the threshold; the threshold speed was 58 kt and the touchdown speed was 50 kt, both recorded as good. The flare was described as fair with the nose raised too far, but there was no bounce. Touchdown rate was -245 fpm, rated fair, and runway-touchdown alignment was perfect. Total landing distance was 538 m, 86 % of the 628 m runway, and rollout alignment was very good.
After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area in less than 1 minute, covering less than 1 nm. The entire flight covered 12 nm, lasted 11 minutes, and used 4 kg of fuel.
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