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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Arrival
Reduce power earlier on final to bring threshold speed back to 58 kt.
What happened: You crossed the threshold at 60 kt against a target of 58 kt, and touchdown followed at 42 m, well short of the 362 m aim point. Carrying extra speed over the threshold usually floats the flare and carries the touchdown point short.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator, target 58 kt at the threshold.
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score
Events
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 61 kt, 3 kt below the 64 kt target, and lifted off at 65 kt 1.7 s later, the nose coming up at 4.0° a second.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 933 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft 545 m past the runway end; then climbing at 900 fpm on average to 933 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 628 m runway.
Rolled from 219 m in, drifted 4.4 m left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off, in 6 kn of crosswind from the left. Airborne 76 % of the way down the runway, past the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Right-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.
Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 1 nm out at 103 kt
The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.
Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded
The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Good: full marks on the turn.
The final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
Inside the glideslope band from 2.2 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 200 ft below the slope.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Inside the 1° band all the way from 2.2 nm, never more than 191 m off the centreline.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 17 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band all the way, between −8 kt and +9 kt on the approach speed of 58 kt.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The aircraft touched down before the threshold. Everything the flare is measured against - the profile, the crossing height, the aim point - is referenced to a threshold this landing never reached, so read the numbers below as what happened short of the runway, not on it. Landing short is the fault to fix before anything about the hold-off is worth judging.
5 kt across from the left, which takes about 6° of crab to hold the centreline at 50 kt. Touched down with 4° of it still on, wings level.
Wind 208° at 11 kt · 9 kt head · 5 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 45 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 11 s, an average deceleration of 0.07 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 628 m of the approach.
Began the flare late, at 0 ft; crossed the threshold at 56 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 42 m before the threshold.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 628 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Plan view — the full 628 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Touched down 42 m short of the threshold. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 departed from runway 24 at EDLH Hamm-Lippewiesen Airfield. The take-off roll was 472 m, using 75 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 61 kt. Local weather was temperature 12 °C, wind 5 kt from 192°, with a 3 kt crosswind and a 3 kt headwind.
Initial climb to 400 ft agl took 42 seconds, averaging 920 fpm and reaching 69 kt at the top of the climb. The aircraft then entered a right-hand circuit for runway 24. The circuit lasted 5 minutes; the downwind leg was less than 1 nm and was flown in 11 seconds at 1,170 ft agl, and the base leg was also less than 1 nm, flown in 13 seconds.
On final approach to runway 24, descent was from 708 ft agl to 219 ft agl in 137 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 500 ft above the runway were met: gear down, landing flap, sink rate, on glideslope, on centreline, on speed, wings level.
The aircraft touched down on runway 24, 24 m short of the threshold, and therefore never crossed the threshold in the air. Threshold speed was 60 kt, which was recorded as good. Flare was described as a good landing flare; the aircraft crossed the threshold high. Touchdown speed was 49 kt, also noted as good, with a touchdown rate of minus 193 fpm. Runway-touchdown alignment was very good and there was no bounce. Total landing distance was 490 m, representing 78 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good.
The flight covered 10 nm in 8 minutes and consumed 3 kg of fuel. Local weather at landing remained temperature 12 °C, wind 5 kt from 192°, with a 3 kt crosswind and a 3 kt headwind.
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