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28A
Indian Trail, United States
Runway 22
Elevation564 ft asl
Weight2,324 lbs
Fuel255 lbs
Wind170° · 2 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

91.69 %
KDCM
Chester, United States
Runway 23
Elevation640 ft asl
Weight2,303 lbs
Fuel233 lbs
Wind230° · 2 kn
25 May 2024 0:24 36 nm PA28 Warrior II 22 lbs
Departure Score
92.62 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
82.45 %

What went well

Touched down at 0 fpm — a soft arrival
1.07 G at touchdown — inside band
Held the centreline on the roll — 0.8 ft off at liftoff

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Landing and flare profile at 0 %, Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn at 62 %, −2.95 points
Departure Roll — scored 87.34 %, −1.41 points
Arrival Final 2 — Approach angle 3.7 ° at 34 %, −1.13 points

Next time

Work on the flare

See Arrival Landing

High on final, the pilot dives to the aim point, converting altitude directly into airspeed, and arrives on-glideslope but 15 knots fast. The vertical profile looks fine; the speed trace does not. It is one of the reasons the stabilised-approach concept - configured, on speed, on path by a gate, commonly 1,000 ft in IMC and 500 ft in VMC - checks speed and path together, and why the tolerances airlines use are asymmetric, typically allowing more on the fast side than the slow, because slow kills faster than fast.

Read more in VRef Explained

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 22 at 28A Goose Creek, Average speed was 9 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 10 kn0 kn min to max 17 kn 0 6 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.2 °0.4 ° min to max 2.5 ° 1.3 1.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.1 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.6 0.3 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Battery Master On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 1 kt
Departure Roll 87.34Departure roll runway 22 at 28A Goose Creek. Takeoff distance 1,367 ft 62 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 70 kn. Local weather - Temperature 84 °F. Wind 2 kn at 170 °. Crosswind: 1 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 1,367 ft62 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 70 knTarget 65 kn
95 % Runway alignment max 16.3 ft14.4 ft left to 1.9 ft right 2.3 -0.8 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.02 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-0.2 ° min to max 4.0 ° 1.2 4.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.2 0.2 °
Departure Climb 1 99.61Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 22 28A Goose Creek.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.2 °-0.5 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.5 °
100 % Average speed 73 kn70 kn min to max 74 kn 70 74 kn
98 % Average bank angle 1.9 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.1 1.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.97 g min to max 1.07 g 1.03 1.02 g
Info Average VSI 324 ft/m315 ft/m min to max 333 ft/m 326 333 ft/m
Info Average altitude 16 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 33 ft agl 0 33 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.7 °4.1 ° min to max 6.5 ° 4.1 6.5 °
Departure Climb 2 90.90Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 22 28A Goose Creek.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
84 % Heading variation -1.4 °-3.3 ° min to max -0.6 ° -0.6 -1.1 °
100 % Average speed 74 kn71 kn min to max 75 kn 74 71 kn
80 % Average bank angle 1.9 °0.0 ° min to max 9.8 ° 1.3 8.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.94 g min to max 1.05 g 1.03 1.00 g
Info Average VSI 478 ft/m334 ft/m min to max 671 ft/m 334 514 ft/m
Info Average altitude 110 ft agl33 ft agl min to max 379 ft agl 33 379 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.6 °6.5 ° min to max 9.4 ° 6.5 8.1 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile east of Hemby Bridge (North Carolina, United States). Climbing from 957 ft asl to 1,646 ft asl, an increase of 689 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 77 kn72 kn min to max 88 kn 72 88 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.7 °0.0 ° min to max 7.6 ° 7.6 1.2 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.92 g min to max 1.05 g 0.97 0.98 g
Info Average VSI 503 ft/m158 ft/m min to max 851 ft/m 478 158 ft/m
Info Average altitude 1,293 ft asl957 ft asl min to max 1,646 ft asl 957 1,646 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 6.9 °2.3 ° min to max 9.1 ° 7.6 2.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 554 ft agl · 78 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started overhead Lake Park (North Carolina, United States) and lasted 16 minutes, covering 31 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average altitude 1,569 ft asl1,354 ft asl min to max 1,711 ft asl 1,648 1,354 ft asl
100 % Average speed 114 kn89 kn min to max 119 kn 89 101 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.5 °0.0 ° min to max 9.9 ° 0.0 1.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.91 g min to max 1.12 g 0.97 0.98 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -1.5 °-4.4 ° min to max 2.1 ° 2.1 -3.9 °

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched Off 999 ft agl · 104 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 1,045 ft agl · 122 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 883 ft agl · 115 kt
Arrival Final 2 79.71Approaching runway 23 at KDCM Chester Mun from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 705 ft agl to 408 ft agl. A decrease of 298 ft in 32 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
34 % Approach angle 3.7 °3.6 ° min to max 3.8 °Target 3.0 ° 3.6 3.8 °
100 % Average speed 94 kn90 kn min to max 101 kn 101 90 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 -0.0 °
97 % Average bank angle 1.0 °0.0 ° min to max 4.1 ° 0.4 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.93 g min to max 1.11 g 1.01 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -532 ft/m-761 ft/m min to max -308 ft/m -459 -572 ft/m
Info Average altitude 553 ft agl408 ft agl min to max 705 ft agl 705 408 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.7 °-5.4 ° min to max -2.0 ° -4.0 -3.4 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 754 ft agl · 105 kt
11.251.51.752350400450500550600650700Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft11.251.51.752-180-135-90-4504590135180Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Final 1 80.00Approaching runway 23 at KDCM Chester Mun from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 398 ft agl to 85 ft agl. A decrease of 313 ft in 33 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Approach angle 4.6 °3.8 ° min to max 5.1 °Target 3.0 ° 3.8 5.1 °
100 % Average speed 86 kn83 kn min to max 90 kn 90 83 kn
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.0 ° -0.0 -0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.2 ° min to max 2.2 ° 0.2 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.93 g min to max 1.07 g 1.00 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -553 ft/m-783 ft/m min to max -145 ft/m -579 -772 ft/m
Info Average altitude 260 ft agl85 ft agl min to max 398 ft agl 398 85 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -3.7 °-5.3 ° min to max -1.3 ° -3.5 -4.9 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 347 ft agl · 94 kt
00.250.50.751050100150200250300350400Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-130-98-65-330336598130Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 46.92Landing on runway 23 at KDCM Chester Mun, runway length 4,982 ft. Threshold height at 88 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
62 % Threshold speed was too high at 82 kn. Target 65 kn
0 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° -0.0 0.4 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.6 1.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.95 g min to max 1.12 g 1.00 0.95 g
Info Average speed 74 kn61 kn min to max 82 kn 82 61 kn
Info Average VSI -347 ft/m-784 ft/m min to max 20 ft/m -784 4 ft/m
Info Average altitude 29 ft agl9 ft agl min to max 88 ft agl 88 10 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-4.6 ° min to max 4.6 ° -4.6 4.0 °
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,25001734506784Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,250-50-40-30-20-1001020304050Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 95.85Touchdown point was 552 ft beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 61 kn was a little fast. Touchdown rate was perfect at 4 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 18 ft from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 82 °F. Wind 2 kn at 229 °. Crosswind: 0 kn Headwind: 2 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Touchdown VSI was 4 ft/m.
84 % Touchdown distance was 1,990 ftTarget 1,500 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 61 knTarget 56 kn
91 % Runway alignment max 17.9 ft17.7 ft left 17.8 17.5 ft
100 % Average bank angle 0.7 °0.2 ° min to max 1.4 ° 1.3 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.95 g min to max 1.07 g 0.95 1.04 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 61 kn60 kn min to max 61 kn 61 60 kn
Info Average pitch angle 4.1 °3.9 ° min to max 4.5 ° 4.0 4.5 °
Arrival Rollout 93.27Total landing distance 2,985 ft, 60 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 2,985 ft60 % of runway.
85 % Runway alignment max 23.5 ft23.5 ft left to 0.0 ft left 17.4 15.2 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.04 g 1.04 1.01 g
Info Average speed 55 kn33 kn min to max 60 kn 60 33 kn
Info Average pitch angle 3.3 °2.1 ° min to max 4.7 ° 4.6 2.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.1 0.0 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 19 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 18 kn11 kn min to max 30 kn 30 16 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 2.5 ° 2.2 1.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.1 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.01 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl · 18 kt
Arrival Taxi 98.95Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 1 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 13 kn4 kn min to max 19 kn 17 4 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 8 knmax 10 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 1.1 °0.1 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.7 0.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.1 0.4 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 14 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 69 kt with 4.1° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

90 kt6030020°10°0°LIFTOFF4.1° off7° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH020406080 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 ft 7 kt 1.2° 0 s
Liftoff1,938 ft 69 kt 4.1° 39.0 s
35 ft2,770 ft · 6.6 s after liftoff 74 kt 6.7° 45.5 s
End of the climb7,782 ft · 379 ft 71 kt 8.1° 86 s

Takeoff from 28A 22

Takeoff roll41.68
1,986ft90 %
Liftoff speed100.00
69kt
Runway alignment95.08
14.4ft L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb99.61
324fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 379 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 35 ft 608 ft past the runway end; then climbing at 480 fpm on average to 379 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30405060KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 69 ktSCALE CHANGES0.9 nm past the runway
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 2,217 ft runway.

Rolled from 55 ft in, drifted 14 ft left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 90 % of the way down the runway, past the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,5002,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS1 kn75 %widest 14.5 ft LROLL 55 FT INAirborne 1,993 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,993 ft of 2,217 ft · 90 %
Behind the start of the roll, 55 ftTakeoff roll, 1,938 ft Left ahead, 224 ft

The approach to KDCM 23

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

On the glideslope from 4 nm to 0.4 nm, then high to the threshold (up to 110 ft over).

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND834879766659470327
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 4× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band all the way from 4 nm, never more than 280 ft off the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR700 ft L0700 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND280 ft L159 ft R26 ft R10 ft L7 ft R9 ft R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on KDCM 23

Over the threshold

Threshold height25.82
88ft
Threshold speed61.86
82kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.4ft L

Touchdown

Past threshold81.06
2,068ft
Centreline91.24
17.9ft L
Speed100.00
61kt
Touchdown rate100.00
0fpm
Impact100.00
1.07G
BouncesOk
None
The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 2° right of the track, wings level.

Wind 230° at 2 kt · 1 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 61 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 15 s, an average deceleration of 0.12 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608060 kt · 72 ft30 kt · 1,099 fttouchdown1,143 ftkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 4,982 ft of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 88 ft, 38 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 2,068 ft in, 1,068 ft past the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 4,982 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

88 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 3 fpm · 4° nose up · 61 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 88 ft, down at 2,068 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 790 fpm at 84 ft to 0 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 8.6° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−1,000−2,000−5°2°10°touchdown3 fpm at touchdown4° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 4,982 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 18 ft left of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 22 ft left at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

1,0002,0003,0004,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 2,068 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 2,068 ft past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 3,001 ft of 4,982 ft · 60 %
In the air over the runway, 2,068 ftRollout, 933 ft Left over, 1,981 ft
Rollout distance100.00
933ft59 % used
Rollout alignment85.04
23.5ft L

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