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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Departure
Reduce climb power to bring speed back to 169 kt and hold it there.
What happened: Climb speed was 35 kt fast at 204 kt during the climb.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 169 kt in the climb
Arrival
Add power on short final to hold speed at 120 kt, correcting the slow threshold speed before it carries through to the flare.
What happened: Threshold speed was slow at 102 kt against 120 kt, and touchdown followed short of the aim point at 579 ft. Crossing the threshold slow like this usually carries the touchdown short.
Watch for: Airspeed indicator against 120 kt on short final.
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 130 kt, on the 131 kt target, and lifted off at 139 kt 2.2 s later, the nose coming up at 3.2° a second. Climb 3 averaged 204 kt, 35 kt over its 169 kt target.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 995 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 4,644 ft of runway left; gear up at 5 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 1,600 fpm on average to 995 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Plan view the roll down the 8,989 ft runway.
Rolled from 768 ft in, drifted 26 ft left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 36 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Two stabilised approach gates, each with six checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.
At the 500 ft gate: speed more than 18 kt above the approach speed of 120 kt.
When the approach was stable
Every check met from 1.2 to 0.7 nm, then not again: slow from 0.7 nm and low from 0.4 nm to the threshold.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.
On the glideslope from 4 nm to 0.4 nm, then low to the threshold (up to 110 ft under).
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 31× larger than distances along the final.
Inside the 1° band all the way from 4 nm, never more than 40 ft off the centreline.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 30 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 18 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band from 4 nm to 1.8 nm, then fast to 1.2 nm (up to +20 kt), then inside the band to 0.7 nm, then slow to the threshold (up to −25 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The aircraft touched down before the threshold. Everything the flare is measured against - the profile, the crossing height, the aim point - is referenced to a threshold this landing never reached, so read the numbers below as what happened short of the runway, not on it. Landing short is the fault to fix before anything about the hold-off is worth judging.
Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, 4° of bank.
Wind 270° at 2 kt · 0 kt head · 1 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 97 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 12 s, an average deceleration of 0.29 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.
Began the flare at 21 ft, 1,090 ft before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 58 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 579 ft before the threshold.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 6,063 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Touched down 579 ft short of the threshold. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 750 Citation X taxied from the parking area to runway 31 at KMDT Harrisburg International Airport for 4 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
Take-off was on runway 31. The aircraft used 3,243 ft of runway, 36 % of the available length, and rotated at 130 kt. Local weather was 63 °F with wind 2 kt from 270°, giving a 1 kt crosswind and a 2 kt headwind.
Initial climb to 1,000 ft agl took 35 seconds, averaging 1,510 fpm and reaching 214 kt at the top of the climb. The climb continued from 1,356 ft asl to 15,244 ft asl in 6 minutes, covering 27 nm and passing overhead Highspire.
Descent from 15,657 ft asl to 7,499 ft asl took 3 minutes over 17 nm, starting overhead Biglerville. The aircraft then climbed from 7,942 ft asl to 36,568 ft asl in 12 minutes, covering 75 nm, beginning 1 mile north-west of KFAH Carroll Valley Airport.
Level flight at 37,000 ft asl was held for 80 minutes, covering 697 nm, beginning 2 miles west of 4VA4 Hepner Airport.
Descent from 37,008 ft asl to 1,282 ft asl lasted 21 minutes, covering 124 nm, beginning 2 miles south-west of Hurley.
Final approach to runway 36L at KNEW Lakefront Airport began at 1,321 ft agl and descended to 69 ft agl in 98 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway were met for gear down, sink rate, glideslope, centreline, and wings level; speed was not met at one gate. The landing gear was lowered at 1,744 ft agl at 182 kt, and flap position 4 was selected at 469 ft agl at 141 kt.
The aircraft touched down on runway 36L at a point 579 ft short of the threshold; the threshold was never crossed in the air. Touchdown speed was 95 kt, with a rate of -284 fpm. The touchdown point was misaligned by 35 ft from the centreline. No bounce occurred. Total landing distance was 2,413 ft, 40 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good. Local weather was 59 °F with wind 2 kt from 270°, giving a 2 kt crosswind and no headwind.
After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area for 2 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
The flight covered 947 nm in 128 minutes and used 413 lb of fuel.
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