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The flight began with the aircraft, a Kodiak 100, taxiing from the parking area to the runway at Toledo Executive Airport, taking approximately 3 minutes to cover less than 1 nautical mile. The departure roll took place on runway 22, with the takeoff distance covering 21% of the runway. The aircraft lifted off at a speed of 74 knots.
As the aircraft climbed away from the airport, it encountered local weather conditions of 19°C temperature and a 6-knot wind at 150°. The crosswind was 6 knots, while the headwind was 2 knots. The enroute climb started overhead the airport, with the aircraft ascending from 1,254 feet above sea level to 4,603 feet above sea level, an increase of 3,349 feet in 3 minutes, covering a distance of 7 nautical miles.
The enroute level cruise began 3 miles east of Holland, Ohio, and lasted for 11 minutes, covering a distance of 33 nautical miles. The aircraft then started its descent 1 mile southeast of Hudson, Michigan, and descended from 4,585 feet above sea level to 2,779 feet above sea level, a decrease of 1,806 feet in 3 minutes, covering a distance of 9 nautical miles.
The enroute level cruise resumed 3 miles southeast of Hillsdale Municipal Airport, lasting for 2 minutes and covering a distance of 3 nautical miles. The aircraft then began its final descent overhead the airport, descending from 2,654 feet above sea level to 1,474 feet above sea level, a decrease of 1,180 feet in 2 minutes, covering a distance of 2 nautical miles.
The final approach to runway 10 at Hillsdale Municipal Airport was made from the west, with the aircraft heading 93.0° at 1 nautical mile and 319 feet above ground level. The landing took place on the runway, which was 1,524 meters long, with a good threshold height. The threshold speed was well above the target at 79 knots.
The touchdown point was very long, using more than 50% of the available runway. The touchdown speed was a little fast at 69 knots, but the touchdown rate was good at -159 feet per minute. The runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 19.1 meters from the centreline. The local weather conditions at the time of landing were 19°C temperature and a 6-knot wind at 140°, with a crosswind of 4 knots and a headwind of 4 knots.
The total landing distance was 1,310 meters, covering 86% of the runway. The runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 13.3 meters from the centreline. The aircraft then taxied to the parking area from the runway, taking approximately 2 minutes to cover less than 1 nautical mile.
The total flight distance was 56 nautical miles, taking 26 minutes, and the aircraft used 64 kilograms of fuel during the flight.
Replay this flight in 3D — the full flight path over the terrain with every stage, event and score along the route.
Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 3 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 8 kt 0 kt min to max 12 kt |
0 | 12 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average speed turning corners 8 kt max 8 kt |
0 | 0 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.99 g min to max 1.01 g |
1.00 | 1.00 g | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.6 ° 1.1 ° min to max 1.8 ° |
1.7 | 1.4 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.2 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° |
0.1 | 0.4 ° | |
| Info |
Battery Master On at 19:02:04 |
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| Info |
Engine 1 Started at 19:02:04 |
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| Info |
Beacon Lights Switched On at 19:02:04 |
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| Info |
Parking Brake On at 19:02:04 |
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| Info |
Flaps Position 1 at 19:02:32 |
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| Info |
Flaps Position 2 at 19:02:34 |
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| Info |
Strobe Lights Switched On at 19:02:39 |
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| Info |
Navigation Lights Switched On at 19:02:40 |
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| Info |
Taxi Lights Switched On at 19:02:41 |
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| Info |
Parking Brake Off at 19:03:50 |
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| Info |
Landing Lights Switched On at 19:04:37 |
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| Info |
Taxi Lights Switched Off at 19:04:38 |
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| 84 % |
Taxi Lights at 19:04:49 |
Entering runway 22 at KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport, Average speed was 25 kt.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| Info |
Average speed 27 kt 12 kt min to max 39 kt |
12 | 39 kt | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.3 ° 1.2 ° min to max 1.5 ° |
1.4 | 1.2 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.2 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° |
0.2 | 0.2 ° | |
| Info |
Average g force 0.99 g 0.97 g min to max 1.02 g |
1.00 | 0.99 g |
Departure roll runway 22 at KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport. Takeoff distance 208 m 21 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 74 kt. Local weather - Temperature 19 °C. Wind 6 kt at 150 °. Crosswind: 6 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Takeoff distance 208 m 21 % of runway |
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| 100 % |
Liftoff speed was 74 kt Target 75 kt |
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| 96.89 % |
Runway alignment max 3.90 m 3.90 m left to 0.00 m left |
3.80 | 2.08 m | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.96 g min to max 1.20 g |
1.00 | 1.20 g | |
| 100 % |
Takeoff Bounce |
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| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.7 ° 1.2 ° min to max 6.4 ° |
1.3 | 6.4 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.2 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° |
0.2 | 0.0 ° |
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 22 KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Heading variation -0.4 ° -0.5 ° min to max -0.2 ° |
-0.2 | -0.5 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 78 kt 74 kt min to max 81 kt |
74 | 81 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 0.8 ° 0.1 ° min to max 1.1 ° |
0.1 | 1.0 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.14 g 0.96 g min to max 1.39 g |
1.24 | 0.96 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 745 fpm 394 fpm min to max 929 fpm |
394 | 929 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 20 ft agl 1 ft agl min to max 46 ft agl |
1 | 46 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 9.1 ° 6.8 ° min to max 9.7 ° |
6.8 | 8.8 ° |
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 22 KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 99.12 % |
Heading variation -0.2 ° -0.5 ° min to max 2.1 ° |
-0.5 | 2.1 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 85 kt 81 kt min to max 100 kt |
81 | 100 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 1.2 ° 0.2 ° min to max 1.8 ° |
1.0 | 1.5 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 0.96 g 0.59 g min to max 1.11 g |
0.96 | 1.00 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 1,034 fpm 826 fpm min to max 1,530 fpm |
932 | 1,477 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 107 ft agl 47 ft agl min to max 381 ft agl |
47 | 381 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 8.4 ° 7.0 ° min to max 11.7 ° |
8.8 | 8.6 ° | |
| Info |
Flaps Position 1 at 19:05:46 |
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| Info |
Flaps Fully Retracted at 19:05:49 |
Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 22 KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 98.17 % |
Heading variation 3.1 ° 2.5 ° min to max 4.1 ° |
2.5 | 4.1 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 105 kt 102 kt min to max 107 kt |
102 | 106 kt | |
| 70.34 % |
Average bank angle 9.6 ° 1.1 ° min to max 13.3 ° |
1.1 | 12.2 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.05 g 0.88 g min to max 1.29 g |
1.02 | 1.04 g | |
| 100 % |
Landing gear up |
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| Info |
Average VSI 1,706 fpm 1,425 fpm min to max 2,124 fpm |
1,554 | 2,124 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 490 ft agl 408 ft agl min to max 586 ft agl |
408 | 586 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 10.6 ° 8.5 ° min to max 12.7 ° |
8.5 | 12.7 ° |
Enroute climb started overhead KTDZ Toledo Executive Airport Toledo (Ohio, United States). Climbing from 1,254 ft asl to 4,603 ft asl, an increase of 3,349 ft in 3 minutes and covering 7 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 131 kt 107 kt min to max 165 kt |
107 | 165 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 14.5 ° 0.1 ° min to max 31.5 ° |
14.5 | 1.6 ° | |
| 94 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.29 g min to max 1.28 g |
0.98 | 0.81 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 1,549 fpm -419 fpm min to max 2,306 fpm |
2,187 | -300 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 3,097 ft asl 1,254 ft asl min to max 4,619 ft asl |
1,254 | 4,603 ft asl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 7.5 ° -1.5 ° min to max 14.3 ° |
12.4 | -0.7 ° | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Autopilot Master Switched On at 19:06:31 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Flight Director Activated at 19:06:31 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated at 19:06:31 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Heading Hold Activated at 19:06:32 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated at 19:07:05 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated at 19:07:08 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated at 19:07:13 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated at 19:07:13 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated at 19:07:40 |
Enroute level cruise started 3 miles east of Holland (Ohio, United States) and lasted 11 minutes, covering 33 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average altitude 4,604 ft asl 4,582 ft asl min to max 4,631 ft asl |
4,611 | 4,584 ft asl | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 173 kt 167 kt min to max 177 kt |
167 | 172 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 0.5 ° 0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° |
0.2 | 0.4 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.02 g 0.68 g min to max 1.49 g |
1.01 | 1.01 g | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 0.4 ° -2.0 ° min to max 1.4 ° |
0.9 | 0.7 ° | |
| Info |
Pitot Heat Switched On at 19:09:40 |
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| Info |
Landing Lights Switched Off at 19:10:05 |
Enroute descent started 1 mile south east of Hudson (Michigan, United States). Descent from 4,585 ft asl to 2,779 ft asl, a decrease of 1,806 ft in 3 minutes and covering 9 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 145 kt 132 kt min to max 172 kt |
172 | 132 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 2.5 ° 0.1 ° min to max 13.7 ° |
0.7 | 1.2 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.70 g min to max 1.29 g |
1.14 | 1.15 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -425 fpm -1,385 fpm min to max 342 fpm |
-351 | -126 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 3,149 ft asl 2,779 ft asl min to max 4,591 ft asl |
4,585 | 2,779 ft asl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -0.9 ° -5.0 ° min to max 1.5 ° |
-0.2 | 0.7 ° | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated at 19:20:37 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Vertical Hold Activated at 19:21:57 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated at 19:22:04 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Heading Hold Activated at 19:22:04 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated at 19:22:44 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Vertical Hold Deactivated at 19:22:44 |
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| Info |
Flaps Position 1 at 19:23:19 |
Enroute level cruise started 3 miles south east of KJYM Hillsdale Municipal Airport Hillsdale (Michigan, United States) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 3 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average altitude 2,765 ft asl 2,659 ft asl min to max 2,803 ft asl |
2,781 | 2,659 ft asl | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 109 kt 103 kt min to max 131 kt |
131 | 106 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 5.6 ° 0.0 ° min to max 18.0 ° |
2.5 | 1.9 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.59 g min to max 1.28 g |
0.80 | 0.98 g | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.0 ° -2.6 ° min to max 2.7 ° |
0.3 | 0.2 ° | |
| Info |
Autopilot Master Switched Off at 19:24:35 |
Enroute descent started overhead KJYM Hillsdale Municipal Airport Hillsdale (Michigan, United States). Descent from 2,654 ft asl to 1,474 ft asl, a decrease of 1,180 ft in 2 minutes and covering 2 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 94 kt 72 kt min to max 116 kt |
106 | 90 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 8.3 ° 0.1 ° min to max 19.8 ° |
2.5 | 1.6 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.69 g min to max 1.27 g |
0.99 | 0.99 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -466 fpm -1,755 fpm min to max 404 fpm |
-299 | -25 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 2,055 ft asl 1,474 ft asl min to max 2,654 ft asl |
2,654 | 1,474 ft asl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -2.0 ° -11.5 ° min to max 2.5 ° |
0.1 | -1.2 ° | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Flaps Position 2 at 19:25:39 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated at 19:26:06 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated at 19:26:06 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Flight Director Deactivated at 19:26:06 |
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| Info |
Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated at 19:26:07 |
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| Info |
Flaps Position 3 at 19:26:12 |
Approaching runway 10 at KJYM Hillsdale Municipal Airport from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 319 ft agl to 54 ft agl. A decrease of 265 ft in 24 seconds.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 47.52 % |
Approach angle 3.0 ° 2.7 ° min to max 4.6 ° Target 3.0 ° |
4.0 | 2.7 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 80 kt 78 kt min to max 90 kt |
90 | 79 kt | |
| 100 % |
Heading variation 0.2 ° 0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° |
0.1 | 0.2 ° | |
| 94.82 % |
Average bank angle 1.6 ° 0.0 ° min to max 5.4 ° |
2.0 | 0.7 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.03 g 0.82 g min to max 1.13 g |
0.97 | 0.96 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -552 fpm -1,045 fpm min to max -16 fpm |
-16 | -380 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 103 ft agl 54 ft agl min to max 319 ft agl |
319 | 54 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -2.1 ° -5.9 ° min to max -0.9 ° |
-1.7 | -1.8 ° |
Landing on runway 10 at KJYM Hillsdale Municipal Airport, runway length 1,524 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was well above target at 79 kt.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Threshold speed was well above target at 79 kt. Target 68 kt |
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| 100 % |
Target 50 ft agl |
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| 98 % |
Landing and flare profile |
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| 100 % |
Heading variation 0.2 ° 0.2 ° min to max 0.2 ° |
0.2 | 0.2 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 1.3 ° 0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° |
0.7 | 0.3 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.85 g min to max 1.15 g |
0.95 | 0.91 g | |
| Info |
Average speed 75 kt 69 kt min to max 79 kt |
79 | 69 kt | |
| Info |
Average VSI -280 fpm -502 fpm min to max -63 fpm |
-380 | -159 fpm | |
| Info |
Average altitude 19 ft agl 6 ft agl min to max 45 ft agl |
45 | 6 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 0.1 ° -2.4 ° min to max 2.7 ° |
-1.9 | 0.4 ° |
Touchdown point was very long using more than 50% of available runway. Touchdown speed at 69 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was good at -159 fpm. Runway touchdown position was significantly misaligned by 19.1 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 19 °C. Wind 6 kt at 140 °. Crosswind: 4 kt Headwind: 4 kt.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 97.75 % |
Touchdown VSI was -159 fpm. |
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| 100 % |
Touchdown distance was 348 m Target 457 m |
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| 100 % |
Speed at touchdown 69 kt Target below 64 kt |
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| 41.49 % |
Runway alignment max 20.01 m 9.66 m left |
4.71 | 13.31 m | |
| 50.73 % |
Average bank angle 2.5 ° 0.0 ° min to max 6.2 ° |
0.3 | 0.2 ° | |
| 95.43 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.66 g min to max 1.66 g |
0.91 | 1.05 g | |
| 40 % |
Landing Bounce |
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| Info |
Average speed 61 kt 57 kt min to max 69 kt |
69 | 57 kt | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 4.1 ° -2.7 ° min to max 10.1 ° |
0.4 | 4.0 ° |
Total landing distance 1,310 m, 86 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 13.3 m from centreline.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 56.23 % |
Landing distance 1,310 m 86 % of runway. |
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| 62.74 % |
Runway alignment max 13.27 m 13.27 m left to 0.00 m left |
13.27 | 4.73 m | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.99 g min to max 1.03 g |
1.03 | 1.01 g | |
| Info |
Average speed 53 kt 35 kt min to max 55 kt |
55 | 35 kt | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 2.0 ° 1.4 ° min to max 3.9 ° |
3.9 | 1.6 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.1 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° |
0.4 | 0.3 ° |
Exiting runway, average speed 20 kt
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| Info |
Average speed 19 kt 16 kt min to max 29 kt |
29 | 18 kt | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.7 ° 1.4 ° min to max 2.0 ° |
1.8 | 1.4 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.3 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° |
0.3 | 0.1 ° | |
| Info |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.98 g min to max 1.01 g |
1.01 | 1.00 g | |
| Info |
Flaps Fully Retracted at 19:28:36 |
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| Info |
Taxi Lights Switched On at 19:28:44 |
Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 2 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 24.5 % |
Average speed 19 kt 2 kt min to max 45 kt |
18 | 7 kt | |
| 75 % |
Average speed turning corners 12 kt max 19 kt |
0 | 0 kt | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.98 g min to max 1.02 g |
1.01 | 1.00 g | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.0 ° 0.5 ° min to max 1.9 ° |
1.4 | 1.5 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.2 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° |
0.1 | 0.1 ° | |
| Info |
Parking Brake On at 19:30:48 |
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| Info |
Taxi Lights Switched Off at 19:30:54 |
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| Info |
Navigation Lights Switched Off at 19:30:55 |
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| Info |
Strobe Lights Switched Off at 19:30:55 |
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| Info |
Beacon Lights Switched Off at 19:30:56 |
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| Info |
Pitot Heat Switched Off at 19:31:04 |
The aircraft in question, a Kodiak 100, successfully landed at KJYM Hillsdale Municipal Airport, but the landing was not without its issues. The pilot's final approach to runway 10 from the west was at a heading of 93.0°, with the aircraft at 1 nautical mile and 319 feet above ground level. The landing was made on a runway that was 1,524 meters long, and the threshold height was reported as good.
However, there were several areas of concern during the landing. The threshold speed was significantly above the target speed, coming in at 79 knots. This could have been due to a variety of factors, including the pilot's decision to prioritize a safe landing over a precise touchdown. The touchdown point was also very long, using more than 50% of the available runway. This could have been due to the pilot's decision to flare late, or to the aircraft's performance characteristics.
The touchdown speed of 69 knots was also a little fast, which could have put additional stress on the aircraft's landing gear and could have made the rollout more difficult to control. On the other hand, the touchdown rate of -159 feet per minute was good, indicating that the pilot was able to control the aircraft's descent effectively.
One of the most significant issues with the landing was the runway touchdown position, which was significantly misaligned by 19.1 meters from the centerline. This could have made the rollout more difficult to control, and could have put the aircraft at risk of veering off the runway. The runway rollout alignment was also slightly misaligned by 13.3 meters from the centerline, which could have made it more difficult for the pilot to bring the aircraft to a stop safely.
The local weather conditions at the time of the landing were relatively calm, with a temperature of 19°C and a wind of 6 knots at 140°. The crosswind and headwind components were both 4 knots, which would not have had a significant impact on the landing. Overall, while the landing was not perfect, the pilot was able to bring the aircraft to a safe stop, and the issues that arose were likely due to a combination of factors rather than any single mistake.
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