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KLAS
Las Vegas, United States
Runway 08L
Elevation2,113 ft asl
Weight5,623 lbs
Fuel1,394 lbs
Wind100° · 7 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

95.94 %
KSMF
Sacramento, United States
Runway 17R
Elevation23 ft asl
Weight4,920 lbs
Fuel641 lbs
Wind170° · 8 kn · 1 kn cross
26 Oct 2026 1:57 412 nm GroundStopFS 753 lbs
Departure Score
97.02 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
90.80 %

What went well

Touchdown 509 ft in — inside the full-score zone
Threshold crossed at 24 ft and 91 kt — both inside band
Straight touchdown — 9.4 ft off the centreline, no bounce

What held you back

Arrival Approach — GPWS warning; 1,000 ft gate 86 %, 500 ft gate 71 %, −1.43 points
Departure Roll — Rotation speed was 126 kt at 32 %, −0.91 points
Arrival Rollout — Runway alignment max 41.7 ft right at 76 %, −0.71 points

Next time

Departure

Start bringing the nose up as the speed reaches 91 kt, not after it.

What happened: You started the rotation at 126 kt, 35 kt past the 91 kt rotation speed.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 91 kt at rotation

See Departure Roll

Arrival

Keep the back pressure coming once the flare is established, holding the nose up through to touchdown instead of easing it.

What happened: The flare arrested the sink but 394 fpm of it came back before touchdown, and in flights like this one that returning sink usually carries through to a firm or hard touchdown at 221 fpm.

Watch for: Vertical speed indicator: the sink held near zero all the way through touchdown, not allowed to build back up.

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 15 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 98.80Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 12 minutes and covered 3 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
97 % Average speed 16 kt0 kt min to max 31 kt 0 9 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 16 ktmax 21 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °0.2 ° min to max 1.1 ° 1.0 1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Engine 1 Started 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 6 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 2 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 5 kt
Info Beacon Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 8 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 08L at KLAS Harry Reid International Airport, Average speed was 12 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 6 kt0 kt min to max 20 kt 8 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.0 °0.7 ° min to max 1.3 ° 1.1 0.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.1 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.1 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Strobe Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 2 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Departure Roll 86.32Departure roll runway 08L at KLAS Harry Reid International Airport. Takeoff distance 3,935 ft 32 % of runway. Rotation speed was 126 kt. Local weather - Temperature 79 °F. Wind 8 kt at 100 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 8 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 3,935 ft32 % of runway
32 % Rotation speed was 126 ktTarget 91 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 8.1 ft left8.1 ft left to 0.0 ft left 8.1 5.6 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.15 g 1.00 1.15 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.8 2.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.2 0.5 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 08L KLAS Harry Reid International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -0.1 °
100 % Average speed 132 kt128 kt min to max 135 kt 128 135 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.5 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.13 g1.09 g min to max 1.20 g 1.16 1.10 g
Info Average VSI 712 fpm406 fpm min to max 994 fpm 406 994 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 33 ft agl 0 33 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.4 °2.8 ° min to max 7.0 ° 2.8 7.0 °
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 08L KLAS Harry Reid International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -0.1 °
100 % Average speed 137 kt133 kt min to max 140 kt 136 133 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.4 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.13 g1.07 g min to max 1.17 g 1.11 1.07 g
Info Average VSI 1,414 fpm1,017 fpm min to max 3,279 fpm 1,017 3,279 fpm
Info Average altitude 70 ft agl34 ft agl min to max 335 ft agl 34 335 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.7 °7.1 ° min to max 15.9 ° 7.1 15.9 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 110 ft agl · 145 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 145 ft agl · 148 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 229 ft agl · 144 kt
Departure Climb 3 100.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 08L KLAS Harry Reid International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Climb speed 123 kt118 kt min to max 131 ktTarget 110 kt, 13 kt fast 131 118 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.1 ° min to max 1.2 ° 1.2 0.5 °
100 % Average g force 0.94 g0.86 g min to max 1.05 g 1.05 0.96 g
100 % Landing gear up at 73 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation -0.2 °-0.3 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -0.3 °
Info Average VSI 3,111 fpm2,693 fpm min to max 3,568 fpm 3,448 2,693 fpm
Info Average altitude 684 ft agl393 ft agl min to max 977 ft agl 393 977 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 15.3 °13.8 ° min to max 17.1 ° 16.8 14.5 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile south east of Paradise (Nevada, United States). Climbing from 3,206 ft asl to 30,007 ft asl, an increase of 26,801 ft in 21 minutes and covering 67 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 153 kt116 kt min to max 166 kt 119 148 kt
100 % Average bank angle 9.7 °0.0 ° min to max 27.0 ° 0.4 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.86 g min to max 1.13 g 0.95 0.99 g
Info Average VSI 1,360 fpm32 fpm min to max 2,692 fpm 2,692 96 fpm
Info Average altitude 14,752 ft asl3,206 ft asl min to max 30,009 ft asl 3,206 30,007 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 4.7 °0.9 ° min to max 14.4 ° 14.2 1.0 °
Info Turn coordination 0-12 min to max 7 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 8,890 ft agl · 198 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 8,890 ft agl · 198 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 14,063 ft agl · 221 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 26,335 ft agl · 220 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 26,335 ft agl · 220 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 10 miles south west of Pahrump (Nevada, United States) and lasted 52 minutes, covering 234 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,001 ft of 30,007 ft asl30,000 ft asl min to max 30,013 ft asl 30,013 30,006 ft asl
100 % Average speed 190 kt152 kt min to max 193 kt 152 192 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 11.3 ° 0.2 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.90 g min to max 1.06 g 0.94 0.99 g
Info Turn coordination 0-3 min to max 4 1 0
Info Average pitch angle -0.8 °-1.2 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.3 -1.1 °
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 4 miles south east of M45 Alpine County Markleeville (California, United States). Descent from 30,006 ft asl to 1,802 ft asl, a decrease of 28,203 ft in 29 minutes and covering 101 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 179 kt131 kt min to max 252 kt 192 135 kt
100 % Average bank angle 3.8 °0.0 ° min to max 20.1 ° 0.0 0.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.88 g min to max 1.23 g 0.97 0.96 g
Info Average VSI -868 fpm-1,771 fpm min to max 77 fpm 27 31 fpm
Info Average altitude 10,541 ft asl1,796 ft asl min to max 30,006 ft asl 30,006 1,802 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.8 °-5.3 ° min to max 0.4 ° -1.0 -0.6 °
Info Turn coordination 0-8 min to max 7 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 23,263 ft agl · 307 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 7,077 ft agl · 174 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 3,929 ft agl · 160 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 3,853 ft agl · 159 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 2,420 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,400 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2,379 ft agl · 137 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,787 ft agl · 140 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 1,730 ft agl · 137 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 1,730 ft agl · 137 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 1,730 ft agl · 137 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 1,730 ft agl · 137 kt
Arrival Approach 78.57Final approach to runway 17R at KSMF Sacramento International Airport. Descent from 1,779 ft agl to 70 ft agl in 113 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Landing flappassed at both gates
50 % Sink ratefailed at one of the two gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
50 % On centrelinefailed at one of the two gates
50 % On speedfailed at one of the two gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 933 ft agl · 152 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 768 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,726 ft agl · 139 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 1,726 ft agl · 139 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 1,714 ft agl · 133 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 813 ft agl · 148 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 574 ft agl · 144 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 262 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 273 ft agl · 134 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 189 ft agl · 117 kt
Arrival Landing 97.64Landing on runway 17R at KSMF Sacramento International Airport, runway length 8,599 ft. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was slightly above target at 92 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Threshold speed was slightly above target at 92 kt. Target 87 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
91 % The flare mostly held the target profile. The flare was pumped rather than held: pitch changed direction 4 times on the way down. Touchdown was 509 ft past the threshold. One smooth continuous input - chasing the runway with the elevator makes the next correction bigger, not smaller.
100 % Runway alignment max 11.1 ft left11.1 ft left to 5.5 ft left 5.5 11.1 ft
99.8 % Average bank angle 1.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° 2.1 1.4 °
99 % Average g force 1.00 g0.73 g min to max 1.16 g 0.94 0.97 g
Info Average speed 90 kt88 kt min to max 92 kt 92 88 kt
Info Average VSI -392 fpm-504 fpm min to max -262 fpm -500 -400 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl1 ft agl min to max 24 ft agl 24 1 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-2.7 ° min to max 2.4 ° -0.1 1.7 °
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,25001223354658Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,250-90-72-54-36-1801836547290Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 93.40Touchdown distance was good at 508 ft. Touchdown speed at 88 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was fair at -221 fpm. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 11 ft from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 68 °F. Wind 8 kt at 170 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 8 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
70 % Touchdown rate was -221 fpm.
100 % Touchdown distance was 509 ftTarget 1,500 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 88 ktTarget below 85 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 11.1 ft left10.3 ft left 11.1 9.4 ft
100 % Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 1.4 ° 1.4 0.3 °
89 % Average g force 1.16 g0.97 g min to max 1.45 g 0.97 1.08 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 87 kt87 kt min to max 88 kt 88 87 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.9 °0.6 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.7 0.8 °
Arrival Rollout 89.35Total landing distance 1,863 ft, 22 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 42 ft from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,863 ft22 % of runway.
76 % Runway alignment max 41.7 ft right0.0 ft left to 41.7 ft right -41.7 -7.0 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.98 g min to max 1.07 g 1.07 1.00 g
Info Average speed 65 kt40 kt min to max 79 kt 79 40 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °-0.3 ° min to max 0.7 ° 0.7 -0.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 38 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 30 kt16 kt min to max 40 kt 40 17 kt
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.6 ° -0.0 0.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.1 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 95.05Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 16 kt0 kt min to max 29 kt 17 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 17 ktmax 20 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 0.7 °0.1 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.5 0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.0 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Info Strobe Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 8 kt
Info Pitot Heat Switched Off 2 ft agl · 7 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl · 9 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 8 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 8 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 8 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 126 kt, 35 kt above the 91 kt target, and lifted off at 128 kt 0.6 s later, the nose coming up at 2.2° a second. Climb 3 averaged 123 kt, 13 kt over its 110 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 110150 kt10050020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFtarget 911.8° off · 2.2°/s7° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH02040 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 ft 28 kt 0.8° 0 s
80 kt1,196 ft 80 kt 0.5° 13.4 s
Rotate3,592 ft · target 91 126 kt 0.4° 27.4 s
Liftoff3,720 ft · +2 kt from rotation 128 kt 1.8° 28.0 s
35 ft4,701 ft · 4.4 s after liftoff 136 kt 7.1° 32.4 s
Gear up5,171 ft · 73 ft · full marks to 400 ft 138 kt 9.4° 35.1 s
Climb 36,762 ft · 393 ft to 977 ft · target 110 123 kt avg 16.8° 41.6 s
End of Climb 39,064 ft · 977 ft 118 kt 14.5° 52.5 s

Takeoff from KLAS 08L

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
3,935ft32 %
Rotation speed31.61
126kttarget 91, 35 fast
Liftoff speed
128kt
Runway alignment100.00
8.1ft L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Gear up100.00
73ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed100.00
123kttarget 110
Rate of climb100.00
712fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 977 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 7,505 ft of runway left; gear up at 73 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 2,390 fpm on average to 977 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3123 kt avgtarget 110THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 126 kttarget 91Liftoff 128 ktGear up 73 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 12,346 ft runway.

Rolled from 140 ft in, drifted 9 ft left of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 31 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

2,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS1 kn75 %widest 8.9 ft LROLL 140 FT INAirborne 3,861 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 3,861 ft of 12,346 ft · 31 %
Behind the start of the roll, 140 ftTakeoff roll, 3,720 ft Left ahead, 8,485 ft

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Seven checks, two gates1,000 ft 85.716 of 7500 ft 71.435 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate530 fpm2,350 fpm
On glideslope4.8°4.8°
On centreline1.7° off0.4° off
On speed+41 kt+62 kt
Wings level0° bank2° bank

At the 1,000 ft gate: centreline more than 1° off.

At the 500 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed and speed more than 26 kt above the approach speed of 87 kt.

When the approach was stable

Every check met from 0.3 nm, about 90 ft above the runway, to the threshold, after the 500 ft gate.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KSMF 17R

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

On the glideslope from 4 nm to 2.9 nm, then high to 1.7 nm (up to 690 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND1,7341,1683071561,000 ft gate6 of 7on centreline1,703 ft · 128 kt500 ft gate5 of 7sink rateon speed888 ft · 149 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Outside the 1° band 3 times; furthest 640 ft left at 2.2 nm.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR1000 ft L01000 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND524 ft L535 ft L59 ft R57 ft L576 ft L72 ft L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 44 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 26 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 4 nm to 3.3 nm (up to +49 kt), then inside the band to 2.8 nm, then fast to 0.3 nm (up to +65 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

80100120140160 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 87+48 kt+64 kt+56 kt+23 kt+5 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KSMF 17R

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
24ft
Threshold speed100.00
91kttarget 87, 4 fast
Centreline offset100.00
11.1ft L

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
509ft
Centreline100.00
11.1ft L
Speed100.00
87kttarget 85, 2 fast
Touchdown rate69.87
-221fpm
Impact88.57
1.45G
BouncesOk
None
The flare90.84

The flare mostly held the target profile. The flare was pumped rather than held: pitch changed direction 4 times on the way down. Touchdown was 509 ft past the threshold. One smooth continuous input - chasing the runway with the elevator makes the next correction bigger, not smaller.

The crosswind

Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 5° right of the track, wings level.

Wind 170° at 8 kt · 8 kt head · 1 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 81 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 13 s, an average deceleration of 0.20 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608010060 kt · 1,053 ft30 kt · 1,421 fttouchdown1,478 ftkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.

Began the flare at 36 ft, 192 ft before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 24 ft, 26 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 509 ft in, 491 ft short of the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

24 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare began at 36 ft, 192 ft before the threshold−605 fpm · −0.2° · 92 ktdescent slowed at 12 ft · −184 fpm · 2.1°−221 fpm · 1.7° nose up · 88 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 24 ft, down at 509 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 600 fpm at the flare to 220 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 1.9° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,000−3°4°10°descent slowedtouchdown−221 fpm at touchdown1.7° at touchdown, +1.9° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 8,599 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 9 ft left of the centreline and drifted to 42 ft right on the rollout, back to 9 ft right by the end.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 1 kn FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 509 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 509 ft touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 221 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 1,764 ft of 8,599 ft · 21 %
In the air over the runway, 509 ftRollout, 1,255 ft Left over, 6,835 ft
Rollout distance100.00
1,255ft21 % used
Rollout alignment76.34
41.7ft R

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Flight narrative

The aircraft departed KLAS Harry Reid International Airport on runway 08L. Take-off used 3,935 ft, 32 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 126 kt. Local weather was 79 °F with wind 8 kt from 100°, giving a 1 kt crosswind and an 8 kt headwind.

Initial climb to 1,000 ft agl lasted 21 seconds, averaging 2,122 fpm and reaching 118 kt at the top. The climb continued from 3,206 ft asl to 30,007 ft asl in 21 minutes, covering 67 nm and beginning 1 mile south-east of Paradise. Cruise was level at 30,000 ft asl for 52 minutes, covering 234 nm and starting 10 miles south-west of Pahrump. Descent from 30,006 ft asl to 1,802 ft asl took 29 minutes, covering 101 nm and beginning 4 miles south-east of M45 Alpine County Markleeville.

Final approach to runway 17R at KSMF Sacramento International Airport descended from 1,779 ft agl to 70 ft agl in 113 seconds. Stabilisation checks at 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway were met for gear down, landing flap, glideslope, and wings level; they were not met for sink rate (one gate), centreline (one gate), and speed (one gate). Gear was lowered at 2,420 ft agl at 141 kt. Final flap position 2 was selected at 273 ft agl at 134 kt.

Landing on runway 17R, which is 8,599 ft long, had a good threshold height. Threshold speed was slightly above target at 92 kt. The flare was described as good, though the pitch was pumped up and down. Touchdown occurred 508 ft from the threshold at 88 kt, a little fast, with a fair rate of -221 fpm. The touchdown point was slightly misaligned by 11 ft from the centreline; no bounce occurred. Total landing distance was 1,863 ft, 22 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was slightly off by 42 ft from the centreline.

Local weather at KSMF was 68 °F with wind 8 kt from 170°, giving a 1 kt crosswind and an 8 kt headwind. After landing, taxiing to the parking area took 4 minutes and covered less than 1 nm. The entire flight covered 412 nm in 117 minutes and used 753 lb of fuel.

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