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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Arrival
Begin raising the nose earlier, by 11 ft, so the flare has time to arrest the sink before touchdown.
What happened: The flare began late at 2.6 ft, 8.7 ft below the normal band, and a late flare like this usually leaves too little time to arrest the sink before touchdown.
Watch for: Watch radio altitude and start the flare in the normal band, around 11 ft.
Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.
Read more in The Stabilised ApproachStart to finish · 18 stages, 16 in the score
Events
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Taxi out
The roll
A slow rotation
The nose came up at 58 kt against the 55 kt rotate speed, and rose at 0.7° a second, slower than the 1.4 to 3.7 other Cessna 172 pilots fly.
The rotation started on speed but the nose came up slowly. Make it one positive, continuous pull at the normal rate for this aircraft, rather than easing the nose up in steps.
Liftoff and climb
Plan view the roll down the 2,381 m runway.
Rolled from 45 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 6.7 m at the widest, and lifted off 6.7 m left. Airborne 16 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 514 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 1,679 m of runway left; then climbing at 870 fpm on average to 514 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The dark stretch of the roll is the run with the nose up and the wheels still on, with its length and time under the runway. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.
Speed and pitch from brake release to the end of the climb, against time.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The grey band is the run between the nose coming up and the wheels leaving the runway. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The rotation detail below draws the rotation against the rates for this aircraft and its tail-strike pitch, where the slope reads properly. The grey dashed line across the pitch is the attitude held from 35 ft to the end: a nose held steady is a climb speed that holds, and the airspeed trace sits directly above it to compare. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.
Rotation detail the pitch over the seconds from rotation to 35 ft, where the slope reads properly.
The pitch over the seconds from the nose starting to come up to 35 ft, stretched so the slope reads properly. The green dot is where the nose started up, the grey band runs to the wheels leaving, and the figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up. The two dashed green lines rising from the rotation point are 1.4 to 3.7° a second, the middle half of rotation rates flown by other Cessna 172 pilots over the last 180 days (64 takeoffs). A trace steeper than both green lines is a faster rotation than most, one shallower than both a slower one.
One stabilised approach gate: seven checks where the approach path is 500 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.
At the 500 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed and glideslope more than 2° off the runway's 2.7°.
When the approach was stable
Never every check met at once: high all the way, sinking too fast until 0.9 nm, fast until 0.8 nm, right of the centreline from 1.0 nm to the threshold.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 2.7° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
High from 3.8 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 1,290 ft over).
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 2.7° here, which is about 290 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 418 m left of the centreline at 3.8 nm, then inside it from 2.9 to 1.0 nm, then 39 m right of it from 1.0 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 17 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Inside the speed band from 3.8 nm, where the final began, to 1.7 nm, then fast to 0.8 nm (up to +20 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
The flare strayed well off the target profile
The flare began at 3 ft agl above the runway, lower than this aircraft wants. Touchdown was 272 m past the threshold. Begin raising the nose earlier - a late flare leaves no time to arrest the sink.
Touchdown
Rollout
Taxi in
Side view — the last 1,524 m of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 81 ft, 31 ft above the 50 ft target; began the flare late, at 3 ft. Touched down 272 m in, close to the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,524 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink stayed between 410 fpm and 450 fpm from the flare to the runway. The pitch barely changed. Into the flare at 52 kt, 6 kt under the 58 kt approach speed, and 52 kt at touchdown.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the first 1,524 m of the 3,181 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 5 m right of the centreline and drifted to 13 m right on the rollout, back to 2.5 m right by the end. Little crosswind (1 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.
Wind 270° at 1 kt · 0 kt tail · 1 kt across
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way. The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. The sentence gives the nose against the direction you were actually moving as the wheels touched, and the steepest bank as they touched, the figure the touchdown's Bank tile marks. The rest of it is shown for reading, not marked.
The 272 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 413 fpm arrival was firm.
The stop — touchdown to taxi speed.
From 60 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 27 s, an average deceleration of 0.06 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 departed runway 19 at LEVX Vigo Airport. Take-off distance was 468 m, 20 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 51 kt. Local weather was 16 °C with wind 1 kt from 270°, a 1 kt cross-wind and no head-wind.
Initial climb to 1,000 ft agl took 31 seconds, averaging 808 fpm and reaching 76 kt at the top. The climb continued from 1,358 ft asl to 4,835 ft asl in 11 minutes, covering 20 nm while remaining overhead LEVX Vigo Airport. Level flight was held at 5,100 ft asl for 16 minutes, covering 31 nm, beginning 3 miles east of O Rosal. Descent from 4,591 ft asl to 1,996 ft asl took 4 minutes over 6 nm, starting 1 mile west of Arcos.
Final approach to runway 17 at LPPR Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport began with a descent from 1,913 ft agl to 97 ft agl in 127 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, landing flap, on centreline, on speed, wings level - all met; sink rate and glideslope - not met. Configuration on final was flaps fully retracted at 4 ft agl, speed 59 kt.
Landing on runway 17 occurred with a threshold height of 82 ft agl, which was significantly above target, and a threshold speed of 54 kt, slightly below target. The flare was very poor, starting late. Touchdown was 272 m from the threshold at 52 kt, with a hard rate of -413 fpm. The touchdown point was 5.0 m off the centreline, but there was no bounce. Total landing distance was 847 m, 27 % of the 3,181 m runway. Rollout alignment was slightly off by 13.3 m from the centreline.
Taxiing from the runway to parking took 2 minutes and covered less than 1 nm. The flight covered 63 nm in 41 minutes and used 17 kg of fuel. Local weather at landing was 15 °C with wind 1 kt from 270°, a 1 kt cross-wind and no head-wind.
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