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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Arrival
Fly a steeper descent on final so you cross the threshold at 46 ft.
What happened: You crossed the threshold at 104 ft agl, above the 45 ft agl target. Crossing high like this usually reduces your margin before the touchdown zone ends.
Watch for: Radio altimeter against 46 ft at the threshold.
See Arrival Landing
Even a modest height error carries straight through to the touchdown. Geometry alone says that crossing the threshold 10 feet high on a 3° path moves your touchdown roughly 190 feet further down the runway before the flare adds anything.
Read more in The Stabilised ApproachStart to finish · 18 stages, 15 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Rotated at 53 kt, 3 kt below the 56 kt target, and lifted off at 61 kt 2.3 s later, the nose coming up at 2.1° a second.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 411 ft.
Reached 35 ft with 485 m of runway left; then climbing at 820 fpm on average to 411 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 837 m runway.
Rolled from the start of the runway, drifted left of the centreline, 2.3 m at the widest, and lifted off 1.8 m right. Airborne 17 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.
Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.
Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 1 nm out at 96 kt
The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.
Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded
The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.
Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.
Steep: 40° of bank.
Bank angle in the pattern is conventionally kept to 20 to 30 degrees, and the base-to-final turn is where that convention earns its keep. Stall speed rises with bank because the wing must produce more lift in a turn. Roughly 7 per cent higher at 30 degrees, about 19 per cent at 45, and around 40 per cent at 60. At 65 kt on base you don't have much margin to spend steepening a turn to salvage an overshoot.
Read more in Pattern WorkOff heading: 10° from the leg's heading on average.
Good: full marks on the turn.
The final from 4 nm.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.
High from 1.3 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to 320 ft over).
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 338 m left of the centreline at 1.3 nm, then inside it from 0.8 to 0.5 nm, then 27 m right of it from 0.5 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 32 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 19 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 1.3 nm, where the final began, to 0.3 nm (up to +36 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
The flare tracked the target profile exactly. The flare was flown from 104 ft agl over the threshold, well above the target height, so the aircraft was above the profile for most of the landing. Touchdown was 465 m past the threshold. The flare cannot recover height that was never lost - fly the approach down to the aim point and the flare has somewhere to start from.
From 61 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 14 s, an average deceleration of 0.12 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 837 m of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 103 ft, 53 ft above the 50 ft target; began the flare at 23 ft. Touched down 465 m in, 160 m past the ideal 305 m.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 837 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 350 fpm at the flare to 130 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 3.3° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the full 837 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down on the centreline, and stayed within 1.8 m of it down the rollout.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.
The 465 m touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The Cessna 172 taxied from the parking area to runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport in about 2 minutes, covering less than 1 nm.
Take-off was performed on runway 34. The aircraft used 162 m of runway, which is 19 % of the available length. Rotation occurred at 53 kt. Local weather was 15 °C with wind 1 kt from 270°, giving a 1 kt cross-wind and no head-wind.
The initial climb to 400 ft agl lasted 29 seconds, averaging 869 fpm and reaching 66 kt at the top of the climb.
The left-hand circuit was completed in 3 minutes. The downwind leg was 2 nm long, flown in 78 seconds at 1,040 ft agl. The base leg was less than 1 nm and lasted 13 seconds.
On final approach to runway 34, descent was from 756 ft agl to 144 ft agl in 52 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, sink rate, on speed, wings level - all met; landing flap, glideslope, centreline - not met. The aircraft was configured with flap position 2 at 405 ft agl and was flying 84 kt.
Landing occurred on runway 34, whose length is 837 m. The threshold height at 104 ft agl was excessively over target and the threshold speed was well above target at 73 kt. The flare was described as perfect and the aircraft crossed the threshold high. Touchdown was very long, using more than 50 % of the runway. Touchdown speed was 56 kt, rated as good, with a smooth rate of -127 fpm and perfect alignment. No bounce occurred.
The total landing roll was 786 m, representing 94 % of the runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly off centreline by 14.6 m.
After landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area in less than 1 minute, covering less than 1 nm.
The entire flight covered 7 nm in 6 minutes and used 0 kg of fuel.
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