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CYTZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation249 ft asl
Weight2,129 kg
Fuel446 kg
Wind9° · 4 kn · 3 kn cross

Flight Score

90.08 %
CYTZ
Toronto, Canada
Runway 26
Elevation249 ft asl
Weight2,100 kg
Fuel399 kg
Wind9° · 4 kn · 3 kn cross
11 May 2026 0:22 19 nm Vision Jet 47 kg
Departure Score
93.08 %
Enroute Score
99.75 %
Arrival Score
77.41 %

What went well

Touched down at -119 fpm — a soft arrival
1.15 G at touchdown — inside band
Lifted off at 102 kt — on the 90 kt target

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was excessively high at 124 kt at 14 %, Flare profile at 55 %, −2.26 points
Arrival Approach — GPWS warning; 300 ft gate 71 %, −1.90 points
Arrival Rollout — Landing distance 1,051 m at 59 %, Runway alignment max 7.39 m right at 84 %, −1.75 points

Next time

Be on speed by the gate

See Arrival Approach

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 18 stages, 13 in the score

The flight story

The approach before the go-around was abandoned. Its marks are shown, but only the approach that landed counts.

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 90.00Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 40 minutes and covered 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 3 kt0 kt min to max 12 kt 0 5 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 ktmax 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.04 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-1.9 ° min to max 4.8 ° -0.2 -0.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.9 ° 0.0 0.2 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 3 kt
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 2 ft agl · 3 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 3 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 2 ft agl · 3 kt
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 3 kt
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport, Average speed was 6 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 8 kt6 kt min to max 10 kt 6 10 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-0.7 ° min to max -0.6 ° -0.6 -0.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 84.26Departure roll runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport. Takeoff distance 1,098 m 89 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 102 kt. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 4 kt at 8 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Tailwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
44 % Takeoff distance 1,098 m89 % of runway
92 % Liftoff speed was 102 ktTarget 90 kt
86 % Runway alignment max 6.84 m left6.84 m left to 1.14 m right 1.69 6.21 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.95 g min to max 1.12 g 1.00 1.12 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.5 ° min to max 3.8 ° -0.6 3.8 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.0 0.6 °
Departure Climb 1 99.94Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 26 CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-0.5 ° min to max -0.3 ° -0.3 -0.5 °
100 % Average speed 104 kt103 kt min to max 104 kt 103 104 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.3 °0.6 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.6 2.0 °
99 % Average g force 1.17 g1.08 g min to max 1.28 g 1.21 1.19 g
Info Average VSI 807 fpm517 fpm min to max 1,075 fpm 517 1,075 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 30 ft agl 0 30 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 7.8 °4.1 ° min to max 10.8 ° 4.1 10.8 °
Departure Climb 2 99.81Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-0.5 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.5 -0.3 °
100 % Average speed 103 kt92 kt min to max 111 kt 104 104 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.5 °0.5 ° min to max 4.5 ° 2.0 2.4 °
98 % Average g force 1.10 g0.61 g min to max 1.19 g 1.19 1.07 g
Info Average VSI 1,239 fpm-123 fpm min to max 2,110 fpm 1,095 1,767 fpm
Info Average altitude 123 ft agl31 ft agl min to max 350 ft agl 31 350 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.7 °0.6 ° min to max 15.8 ° 10.9 12.8 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 272 ft agl · 101 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 80 ft agl · 103 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 215 ft agl · 95 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 266 ft agl · 108 kt
Departure Climb 3 91.40Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 26 CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
79 % Climb speed 96 kt90 kt min to max 102 ktTarget 117 kt, 21 kt slow 102 95 kt
100 % Average bank angle 7.2 °0.2 ° min to max 23.2 ° 0.2 23.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.87 g min to max 1.15 g 1.01 1.03 g
100 % Landing gear up at 51 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation -0.8 °-2.1 ° min to max -0.4 ° -0.4 -2.1 °
Info Average VSI 1,236 fpm273 fpm min to max 2,067 fpm 1,910 2,067 fpm
Info Average altitude 597 ft agl381 ft agl min to max 806 ft agl 381 806 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.4 °5.2 ° min to max 15.8 ° 13.3 15.8 °

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched Off 549 ft agl · 93 kt
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile south of Little Portugal (Ontario, Canada). Climbing from 1,091 ft asl to 1,830 ft asl, an increase of 739 ft in 1 minutes and covering 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 112 kt93 kt min to max 143 kt 94 143 kt
100 % Average bank angle 12.7 °0.0 ° min to max 31.7 ° 25.7 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.90 g min to max 1.26 g 0.99 1.07 g
Info Average VSI 637 fpm-602 fpm min to max 2,044 fpm 2,044 -314 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,704 ft asl1,091 ft asl min to max 1,950 ft asl 1,091 1,830 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 5.0 °-3.2 ° min to max 14.9 ° 14.9 -1.5 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 1 mile south of CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport Toronto (Ontario, Canada) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 4 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±591 ft of 1,832 ft asl1,612 ft asl min to max 1,896 ft asl 1,824 1,612 ft asl
100 % Average speed 141 kt138 kt min to max 150 kt 143 150 kt
100 % Average bank angle 10.0 °0.0 ° min to max 37.4 ° 0.8 37.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.03 g0.89 g min to max 1.19 g 1.05 1.07 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle -1.2 °-10.1 ° min to max 1.0 ° -0.6 -10.1 °

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,592 ft agl · 148 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 1,592 ft agl · 148 kt
Info 49 Activated 1,592 ft agl · 148 kt
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Activated 1,592 ft agl · 143 kt
Info 49 Deactivated 1,592 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 1,590 ft agl · 144 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,590 ft agl · 144 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,602 ft agl · 143 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 1,602 ft agl · 143 kt
Enroute Descent 99.26Enroute descent started 1 mile south of Moss Park (Ontario, Canada). Descent from 1,571 ft asl to 758 ft asl, a decrease of 813 ft in less than 1 minute. and covering less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 167 kt152 kt min to max 180 kt 152 180 kt
99 % Average bank angle 24.7 °2.0 ° min to max 40.6 ° 37.3 13.8 °
97 % Average g force 1.12 g0.62 g min to max 1.37 g 1.19 1.20 g
Info Average VSI -3,488 fpm-4,786 fpm min to max -2,504 fpm -2,504 -3,378 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,187 ft asl758 ft asl min to max 1,571 ft asl 1,571 758 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -12.9 °-18.4 ° min to max -10.3 ° -10.3 -10.7 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 996 ft agl · 168 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,141 ft agl · 162 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 1,141 ft agl · 162 kt
Arrival Approach 28.57Not counted in the flight scoreFinal approach to runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport. Descent from 1,363 ft agl to 109 ft agl in 23 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
100 % Landing flappassed
0 % Sink ratefailed
0 % On glideslopefailed
0 % On centrelinefailed
0 % On speedfailed
0 % Wings levelfailed

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 996 ft agl · 168 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,141 ft agl · 162 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 1,141 ft agl · 162 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 165 ft agl · 181 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 115 ft agl · 174 kt
Arrival Landing (GA) 22.96Not counted in the flight scoreLanding on runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport, runway length 1,233 m. Threshold height at 81 ft agl was significantly above target. Threshold speed was excessively high at 167 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 167 kt. Target 85 kt
43 % Threshold height at 81 ft agl was significantly above target.Target 50 ft agl
20 % Runway alignment max 1,151.08 m right4.71 m right to 1,151.08 m right -4.71 -801.77 m
0 % Average bank angle 4.9 °0.0 ° min to max 46.6 ° 1.4 9.8 °
90 % Average g force 1.07 g0.84 g min to max 1.43 g 1.04 1.23 g
Info Average speed 143 kt95 kt min to max 167 kt 167 112 kt
Info Average VSI 1 fpm-1,003 fpm min to max 2,186 fpm -930 -268 fpm
Info Average altitude 82 ft agl26 ft agl min to max 484 ft agl 81 472 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.0 °-5.0 ° min to max 14.8 ° -4.3 0.6 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 158 ft agl · 118 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 411 ft agl · 101 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 506 ft agl · 111 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 169 ft agl · 117 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 250 ft agl · 104 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 369 ft agl · 114 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 475 ft agl · 108 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 508 ft agl · 108 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 397 ft agl · 107 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 516 ft agl · 110 kt
Go-around Go-Around runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport at 496 ft agl.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 114 kt108 kt min to max 130 kt 113 127 kt
89 % Average bank angle 14.1 °0.0 ° min to max 45.3 ° 5.0 4.2 °
98 % Average g force 1.08 g0.84 g min to max 1.67 g 1.29 0.84 g
Info Average altitude 648 ft agl491 ft agl min to max 796 ft agl 496 495 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.4 °-4.6 ° min to max 6.7 ° 3.8 -2.0 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 792 ft agl · 113 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 491 ft agl · 131 kt
Arrival Approach 71.43Final approach to runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport. Descent from 476 ft agl to 74 ft agl in 25 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
100 % Landing flappassed
100 % Sink ratepassed
100 % On glideslopepassed
100 % On centrelinepassed
0 % On speedfailed
0 % Wings levelfailed

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 82 ft agl · 124 kt
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Deactivated 181 ft agl · 123 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 59 ft agl · 124 kt
Arrival Landing 66.06Landing on runway 26 at CYTZ Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport, runway length 1,233 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was excessively high at 124 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
14 % Threshold speed was excessively high at 124 kt. Target 85 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
55 % The flare strayed well off the target profile. Crossing the threshold 39 kt above target, the flare took all the sink out 26 ft agl above the runway and the aircraft then dropped the rest of the way, 366 fpm of sink coming back. Touchdown was 632 m past the threshold. Hold the attitude and let it settle rather than pushing - a balloon is almost always excess speed, so the fix is on the approach, not in the flare.
95 % Runway alignment max 5.08 m right3.63 m right to 5.08 m right -4.26 -3.73 m
98 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.0 ° min to max 3.1 ° 2.0 1.0 °
89 % Average g force 1.05 g0.64 g min to max 1.44 g 1.30 0.94 g
Info Average speed 117 kt110 kt min to max 124 kt 124 110 kt
Info Average VSI -357 fpm-1,345 fpm min to max -48 fpm -1,345 -220 fpm
Info Average altitude 4 ft agl-16 ft agl min to max 45 ft agl 45 -16 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-3.3 ° min to max 1.1 ° -2.1 -0.9 °
07515022530037545052560067575001223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750-25-20-15-10-50510152025Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 80.88Touchdown point was very long using more than 50% of available runway. Touchdown speed at 110 kt was excessively fast. Touchdown rate was smooth at -119 fpm. Runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 4.1 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 4 kt at 9 °. Crosswind: 3 kt Tailwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
96 % Touchdown rate was -119 fpm.
81 % Touchdown distance was 631 mTarget 457 m
45 % Speed at touchdown 110 ktTarget below 83 kt
96 % Runway alignment max 4.05 m right3.89 m right -3.73 -4.05 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.3 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 1.0 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.91 g min to max 1.15 g 0.94 1.05 g
80 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 109 kt106 kt min to max 110 kt 110 106 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-2.8 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.9 -2.4 °
Arrival Rollout 73.71Total landing distance 1,051 m, 85 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
59 % Landing distance 1,051 m85 % of runway.
84 % Runway alignment max 7.39 m right0.00 m left to 7.39 m right -4.08 -4.66 m
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.96 g min to max 1.05 g 1.04 0.98 g
Info Average speed 98 kt61 kt min to max 107 kt 107 61 kt
Info Average pitch angle -2.4 °-2.7 ° min to max -2.1 ° -2.4 -2.1 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.0 0.6 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 13 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 11 kt0 kt min to max 53 kt 53 2 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.2 °-2.3 ° min to max -0.3 ° -2.1 -1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.6 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.00 g 0.98 1.00 g

Events

Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl · 4 kt
Arrival Taxi 95.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took 6 minutes and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 8 kt0 kt min to max 14 kt 6 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 ktmax 0 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.96 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.7 °-2.3 ° min to max 1.0 ° -1.0 -0.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.0 ° 0.1 0.0 °

Events

Fail Taxi Lights
Info Autopilot Heading Hold Deactivated 2 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 2 ft agl · 12 kt
Info 49 Activated 2 ft agl · 12 kt
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl · 4 kt

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 102 kt with 2.2° of pitch. Climb 3 averaged 96 kt, 21 kt under its 117 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 117120 kt8040020°10°0°LIFTOFF2.2° off11° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0306090 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 9 kt -0.6° 0 s
80 kt602 m 80 kt -1.1° 53.0 s
Liftoff1,000 m · target 90 102 kt 2.2° 61 s
35 ft1,202 m · 3.7 s after liftoff 104 kt 11.4° 65 s
Gear up1,241 m · 51 ft · full marks to 400 ft 103 kt 12.7° 66 s
Climb 32,333 m · 381 ft to 806 ft · target 117 96 kt avg 13.3° 86 s
End of Climb 33,494 m · 806 ft 95 kt 15.8° 108 s

Takeoff from CYTZ 26

Taxi lightsFail
Off
Takeoff roll43.61
1,098m89 %
Liftoff speed91.55
102kttarget 90, 12 fast
Runway alignment86.17
6.84m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Gear up100.00
51ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed78.51
96kttarget 117
Rate of climb99.94
806fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 806 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.

Reached 35 ft 51 m past the runway end; gear up at 51 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 1,040 fpm on average to 806 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 396 kt avgtarget 117THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 102 ktGear up 51 ftfull marks to 400 ftSCALE CHANGES2.3 km past the runway
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 1,233 m runway.

Rolled from 82 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 6.9 m at the widest, and lifted off 5.7 m left. Airborne 88 % of the way down the runway, past the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS3 kn75 %widest 6.90 m LROLL 82 M INAirborne 1,082 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,082 m of 1,233 m · 88 %
Behind the start of the roll, 82 mTakeoff roll, 1,000 m Left ahead, 151 m

The stabilisation gates

One stabilised approach gate: seven checks where the approach path is 300 ft above the runway. The 1,000 ft gate was not assessed, because the approach did not join final that far out. These checks are the approach's score.

Seven checks, one gate300 ft 71.435 of 7
Gear down
Landing flap
Sink rate570 fpm
On glideslope4.1°
On centreline0.9° off
On speed+41 kt
Wings level22° bank

At the 300 ft gate: wings more than 10° from level and speed more than 20 kt above the approach speed of 85 kt.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: fast all the way, banked until 0.4 nm, right of the centreline from 0.5 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downLanding flapSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to CYTZ 26

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 1.5 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 110 ft above the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND608290300 ft gate5 of 7on speedwings level465 ft · 127 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 671 m left of the centreline at 1.5 nm, then 22 m right of it from 0.5 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND583 m L9 m R391 m L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 43 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 26 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 1.5 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to +46 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

80100120140 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 85+40 kt+40 kt+39 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on CYTZ 26

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
44ft
Threshold speed13.81
123kttarget 85, 38 fast
Centreline offset95.40
5.08m R

Touchdown

Past threshold80.92
632m
Centreline96.34
4.05m R
Speed45.10
109kttarget 82, 27 fast
Touchdown rate96.34
-119fpm
Impact100.00
1.15G
Bounces80.00
1
The flare55.28

The flare strayed well off the target profile. Crossing the threshold 39 kt above target, the flare took all the sink out 26 ft agl above the runway and the aircraft then dropped the rest of the way, 366 fpm of sink coming back. Touchdown was 632 m past the threshold. Hold the attitude and let it settle rather than pushing - a balloon is almost always excess speed, so the fix is on the approach, not in the flare.

The crosswind

3 kt across from the right, which takes about 2° of crab to hold the centreline at 110 kt. Touched down straight - the crab taken out before the wheels touched, wings level.

Wind 009° at 4 kt · 2 kt tail · 3 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 112 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 14 s, an average deceleration of 0.32 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

0408012060 kt · 452 m30 kt · 514 mtouchdown534 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,233 m of the approach.

Began the flare high, at 49 ft, 12 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 44 ft, close to the 50 ft target. Touched down 632 m in, 327 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,233 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

44 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare began at 49 ft, 12 m before the threshold−1,140 fpm · −4.2° · 124 ktdescent slowed at 26 ft · −179 fpm · −2.4°−119 fpm · −0.9° nose down · 110 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 44 ft, down at 632 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 1,140 fpm at the flare to 120 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 3.3° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−750−1,500−4°3°10°descent slowedtouchdown−119 fpm at touchdown−0.9° at touchdown, +3.3° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the full 1,233 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 4.1 m right of the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 6.4 m right at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 3 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 632 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 632 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The 1.15 G arrival bounced.

Runway used 947 m of 1,233 m · 77 %
In the air over the runway, 632 mRollout, 316 m Left over, 286 m
Rollout distance92.76
316m77 % used
Rollout alignment84.18
7.39m R

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Flight narrative

Departure from Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport (CYTZ) commenced with a taxiing phase that lasted 40 minutes, covering a distance of 2 nautical miles. The aircraft then began its departure roll on runway 26, utilizing 90% of the available runway length of 1,216 meters to achieve a takeoff distance of 1,098 meters. Liftoff speed was reached at 102 knots, as the aircraft lifted off into the local weather conditions, characterized by a temperature of 16°C and a gentle wind of 4 knots at 8°.

Following a brief climb phase, the aircraft transitioned into a level cruise, maintaining an altitude of 1,830 feet above sea level for 2 minutes while covering a distance of 5 nautical miles. The enroute climb phase itself had started 1 mile south of Little Portugal, Ontario, and had seen the aircraft ascend 739 feet in just 1 minute, covering a distance of 2 nautical miles. The final approach to runway 26 was initiated from the east, with the aircraft descending from an altitude of 455 feet above ground level. However, a go-around was subsequently executed at 496 feet above ground level, necessitating a re-initiation of the approach.

The aircraft eventually landed on runway 26, with a touchdown point that utilized more than 50% of the available runway. The touchdown speed of 110 knots was excessively fast, while the touchdown rate of -220 feet per minute was fair. The runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 4 meters from the centreline. Following a successful landing, the aircraft taxied to the parking area, covering a distance of less than 1 nautical mile in 6 minutes. The total flight distance was 18 nautical miles, with a total flight time of 22 minutes and a fuel consumption of 47 kilograms.

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