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The flight in the Cessna Skyhawk started with a departure roll on runway 25C at EDDF Frankfurt Airport. The takeoff distance was 140 m, which accounted for 4% of the total runway length. The liftoff speed was 80 knots. The local weather at the time of departure was 7°C with a 10 knot wind coming from 219°, resulting in a crosswind of 5 knots and a headwind of 8 knots.
The enroute climb began 2 miles south of Kelsterbach in Hessen, Germany. The aircraft climbed from 1,173 ft above sea level to 1,387 ft, gaining an altitude of 214 ft in 1 minute and covering a distance of 1 nautical mile.
After reaching the cruise altitude, the enroute level cruise commenced 1 mile northeast of Raunheim, lasting 2 minutes and covering a distance of 4 nm.
The landing took place on runway 18 at EDFB Reichelsheim Airfield, which had a runway length of 1,230 m. The aircraft approached the runway with a height of 80 ft above ground level and a speed of 78 knots at the threshold. The touchdown occurred 443 m from the threshold at a speed of 61 knots, with a Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) reading of -334 ft/min. The local weather at the time of landing was 6°C with a 9 knot wind coming from 251°, resulting in a crosswind of 9 knots and a headwind of 3 knots. The total landing distance was 859 m, which accounted for 70% of the runway length.
Overall, the flight covered a distance of 29 nm, took 19 minutes to complete, and consumed 7 kg of fuel.
Replay this flight in 3D — the full flight path over the terrain with every stage, event and score along the route.
Departure roll runway 25C at EDDF Frankfurt Airport. Takeoff distance 140 m 4 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 80 kn. Local weather - Temperature 7 °C. Wind 10 kn at 219 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 8 kn.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Takeoff distance 140 m 4 % of runway |
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| 57.21 % |
Liftoff speed was 80 kn Target 62 kn |
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| 91.13 % |
Runway alignment max 5.48 m 5.48 m left to 0.00 m left |
5.48 | 1.46 m | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.02 g 0.98 g min to max 1.20 g |
0.98 | 1.20 g | |
| 100 % |
Takeoff Bounce |
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| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.5 ° 0.4 ° min to max 6.1 ° |
0.4 | 6.1 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.5 ° 0.2 ° min to max 0.8 ° |
0.2 | 0.7 ° | |
| Info |
Battery Master On at 15:31:31 |
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| Info |
Engine 1 Started at 15:31:31 |
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| Info |
Beacon Lights Switched On at 15:31:31 |
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| Info |
Landing Lights Switched On at 15:31:31 |
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| Info |
Navigation Lights Switched On at 15:31:31 |
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| Info |
Strobe Lights Switched On at 15:31:31 |
Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 25C EDDF Frankfurt Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Heading variation 0.1 ° -0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° |
-0.0 | 0.1 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 84 kn 80 kn min to max 87 kn |
80 | 87 kn | |
| 99.21 % |
Average bank angle 1.0 ° 0.0 ° min to max 2.3 ° |
0.6 | 0.2 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.03 g 0.98 g min to max 1.21 g |
1.20 | 0.98 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 503 ft/m 346 ft/m min to max 563 ft/m |
346 | 563 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 23 ft agl 1 ft agl min to max 49 ft agl |
1 | 49 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 6.6 ° 5.9 ° min to max 6.9 ° |
6.1 | 6.4 ° |
Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 25C EDDF Frankfurt Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Heading variation 0.2 ° -0.3 ° min to max 0.5 ° |
0.1 | -0.3 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 92 kn 87 kn min to max 102 kn |
87 | 102 kn | |
| 90.05 % |
Average bank angle 1.0 ° 0.0 ° min to max 5.8 ° |
0.2 | 4.0 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 0.99 g 0.90 g min to max 1.03 g |
0.98 | 0.92 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 625 ft/m 518 ft/m min to max 814 ft/m |
563 | 518 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 115 ft agl 49 ft agl min to max 389 ft agl |
49 | 389 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 6.4 ° 3.9 ° min to max 7.3 ° |
6.4 | 3.9 ° |
Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 25C EDDF Frankfurt Airport.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Heading variation -1.7 ° -2.6 ° min to max -0.5 ° |
-0.5 | -0.8 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 106 kn 103 kn min to max 109 kn |
103 | 108 kn | |
| 65.87 % |
Average bank angle 5.8 ° 0.1 ° min to max 15.0 ° |
2.3 | 8.6 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.97 g min to max 1.03 g |
1.03 | 1.01 g | |
| 100 % |
Landing gear up |
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| Info |
Average VSI 677 ft/m 428 ft/m min to max 865 ft/m |
428 | 839 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 584 ft agl 395 ft agl min to max 810 ft agl |
395 | 810 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 5.0 ° 4.1 ° min to max 6.2 ° |
4.4 | 5.4 ° |
Enroute climb started 2 miles south of Kelsterbach (Hessen, Germany). Climbing from 1,173 ft asl to 1,387 ft asl, an increase of 214 ft in 1 minutes and covering 1 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 107 kn 103 kn min to max 112 kn |
108 | 109 kn | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 8.0 ° 0.3 ° min to max 16.3 ° |
7.6 | 16.3 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.00 g 0.94 g min to max 1.06 g |
1.01 | 1.04 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI 293 ft/m -208 ft/m min to max 849 ft/m |
840 | 28 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 1,315 ft asl 1,173 ft asl min to max 1,388 ft asl |
1,173 | 1,387 ft asl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 2.6 ° -0.2 ° min to max 5.8 ° |
5.6 | 1.4 ° | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 |
Enroute level cruise started 1 mile north east of Raunheim (Hessen, Germany) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 4 nm.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average altitude 1,604 ft asl 1,388 ft asl min to max 1,846 ft asl |
1,388 | 1,846 ft asl | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 108 kn 105 kn min to max 112 kn |
109 | 106 kn | |
| 100 % |
Average bank angle 6.2 ° 0.0 ° min to max 19.0 ° |
16.7 | 2.3 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.97 g min to max 1.08 g |
1.03 | 0.98 g | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 2.4 ° 0.8 ° min to max 3.6 ° |
1.2 | 2.8 ° |
Arrival started 1 mile north east of Raunheim (Hessen, Germany).
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Average speed 106 kn 90 kn min to max 113 kn |
106 | 93 kn | |
| 0 % |
Average bank angle 3.9 ° 0.0 ° min to max 55.8 ° |
1.3 | 4.7 ° | |
| 94.29 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.90 g min to max 1.70 g |
1.00 | 1.10 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -140 ft/m -1,094 ft/m min to max 460 ft/m |
236 | -411 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 1,830 ft asl 804 ft asl min to max 2,735 ft asl |
1,849 | 804 ft asl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 0.7 ° -4.0 ° min to max 4.6 ° |
2.9 | 2.0 ° | |
| Info |
Turn coordination 0 0 min to max 0 |
0 | 0 |
Approaching runway 18 at EDFB Reichelsheim Airfield from 2 nm to 1 nm. Descent from 405 ft agl to 396 ft agl. A decrease of 9 ft in 5 seconds.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Approach angle 3.5 ° 3.3 ° min to max 3.6 ° Target 3.0 ° |
3.3 | 3.6 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 91 kn 89 kn min to max 92 kn |
92 | 89 kn | |
| 87.31 % |
Heading variation -2.7 ° -3.6 ° min to max -1.4 ° |
-3.6 | -1.4 ° | |
| 97.92 % |
Average bank angle 1.9 ° 0.4 ° min to max 3.8 ° |
3.8 | 1.3 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.93 g min to max 1.10 g |
1.10 | 0.96 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -137 ft/m -235 ft/m min to max -43 ft/m |
-235 | -181 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 401 ft agl 396 ft agl min to max 405 ft agl |
405 | 396 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 2.4 ° 1.7 ° min to max 3.2 ° |
2.8 | 1.7 ° |
Approaching runway 18 at EDFB Reichelsheim Airfield from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 388 ft agl to 85 ft agl. A decrease of 303 ft in 35 seconds.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 0.39 % |
Approach angle 4.4 ° 3.7 ° min to max 5.0 ° Target 3.0 ° |
3.7 | 5.0 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average speed 82 kn 78 kn min to max 88 kn |
88 | 78 kn | |
| 47.2 % |
Heading variation 0.4 ° -0.4 ° min to max 1.8 ° |
0.2 | 0.1 ° | |
| 38.02 % |
Average bank angle 6.1 ° 0.1 ° min to max 26.2 ° |
9.4 | 12.4 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.02 g 0.79 g min to max 1.10 g |
1.07 | 1.03 g | |
| Info |
Average VSI -438 ft/m -908 ft/m min to max 66 ft/m |
-210 | -331 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 187 ft agl 85 ft agl min to max 390 ft agl |
388 | 85 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 0.5 ° -4.3 ° min to max 4.3 ° |
3.0 | 1.2 ° | |
| Info |
Flaps Position 1 at 15:48:46 |
Landing on runway 18 at EDFB Reichelsheim Airfield, runway length 1,230 m. Threshold height at 80 ft agl was well above target. Threshold speed was too high at 78 kn.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 71.09 % |
Threshold speed was too high at 78 kn. Target 63 kn |
|||
| 45.16 % |
Target 50 ft agl |
|||
| 0 % |
Landing and flare profile |
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| 86.4 % |
Heading variation -0.3 ° -0.8 ° min to max 0.7 ° |
0.1 | 0.7 ° | |
| 58.13 % |
Average bank angle 5.5 ° 0.0 ° min to max 18.3 ° |
14.0 | 5.4 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.01 g 0.93 g min to max 1.11 g |
1.04 | 0.96 g | |
| Info |
Average speed 70 kn 61 kn min to max 78 kn |
78 | 61 kn | |
| Info |
Average VSI -401 ft/m -471 ft/m min to max -326 ft/m |
-327 | -334 ft/m | |
| Info |
Average altitude 37 ft agl 0 ft agl min to max 80 ft agl |
80 | 0 ft agl | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle 1.3 ° -0.6 ° min to max 3.5 ° |
1.2 | 2.9 ° |
Touchdown distance was good at 443 m. Touchdown speed at 61 knwas fast. Touchdown rate was firm at -334 ft/m. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 10.4 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 6 °C. Wind 9 kn at 251 °. Crosswind: 9 kn Headwind: 3 kn.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 91.92 % |
Touchdown VSI was -334 ft/m. |
|||
| 100 % |
Touchdown distance was 443 m Target 457 m |
|||
| 84.58 % |
Speed at touchdown 61 kn Target 53 kn |
|||
| 73.17 % |
Runway alignment max 10.41 m 10.14 m left |
9.54 | 10.41 m | |
| 45.07 % |
Average bank angle 6.2 ° 5.4 ° min to max 6.7 ° |
5.4 | 6.7 ° | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 1.15 g 0.96 g min to max 1.37 g |
0.96 | 1.02 g | |
| 100 % |
Landing Bounce |
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| Info |
Average speed 61 kn 61 kn min to max 61 kn |
61 | 61 kn | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -0.1 ° -2.0 ° min to max 2.9 ° |
2.9 | -2.0 ° |
Total landing distance 859 m, 70 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 10.4 m from centreline.
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| 100 % |
Landing distance 859 m 70 % of runway. |
|||
| 73.32 % |
Runway alignment max 16.59 m 10.37 m left to 6.23 m right |
10.37 | -2.98 m | |
| 100 % |
Average g force 0.98 g 0.91 g min to max 1.04 g |
1.04 | 1.00 g | |
| Info |
Average speed 57 kn 34 kn min to max 63 kn |
63 | 34 kn | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -0.7 ° -4.6 ° min to max 1.1 ° |
-2.3 | -0.2 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 2.9 ° 0.0 ° min to max 8.4 ° |
6.9 | 0.3 ° |
Exiting runway, average speed 9 kn
| Score | Description | Start | Profile | End |
| Info |
Average speed 17 kn 4 kn min to max 29 kn |
29 | 4 kn | |
| Info |
Average pitch angle -0.7 ° -0.9 ° min to max -0.4 ° |
-0.6 | -0.9 ° | |
| Info |
Average bank angle 0.1 ° 0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° |
0.1 | 0.1 ° | |
| Info |
Average g force 1.00 g 1.00 g min to max 1.00 g |
1.00 | 1.00 g |
First and foremost, it is important to acknowledge that landing an aircraft is a challenging task that requires a high level of skill and precision. It is commendable that the aircraft was able to land safely despite the issues encountered during the landing score evaluation.
In reviewing the specific areas of concern during the approach phase, it is clear that there was room for improvement in the descent path, heading alignment, and speed control. It is crucial for pilots to maintain a smooth descent path within the glideslope limits, align the aircraft with the runway heading, and manage the speed appropriately to ensure a successful landing.
Moving on to the landing phase, there were significant issues with the threshold height, landing flare, heading, and bank angle stability. These factors are critical in ensuring a smooth touchdown and rollout on the runway. It is essential for pilots to have a clear understanding of the aircraft's position, attitude, and speed during the final approach and landing phases to achieve a successful touchdown.
In the touchdown phase, the hard touchdown rate, excessive speed, and touchdown distance inside the designated zone are indicators of a less than ideal landing. Proper flare technique, speed management, and precise touchdown point are essential for a safe and smooth landing.
Additionally, the runway alignment during the rollout phase being off by 10.4 meters from the centerline is a clear indication of the need for improved lateral control during the landing phase.
Overall, while the landing score of 70.4% indicates room for improvement, it is important to view this evaluation as a learning opportunity. By identifying and addressing the specific areas of concern highlighted in the analysis, pilots can work towards improving their landing techniques and achieving higher scores in future evaluations. Continued practice, feedback, and self-assessment are key to mastering the art of landing an aircraft with precision and skill.
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