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KSEA
Seattle, United States
Runway 16L
Elevation430 ft asl
Weight13,425 kg
Fuel2,383 kg
Wind170° · 3 kn

Flight Score

96.88 %
KSFO
San Francisco, United States
Runway 28R
Elevation10 ft asl
Weight11,932 kg
Fuel864 kg
Wind270° · 4 kn · 2 kn cross
19 Sep 2026 1:48 671 nm Cessna 750 Citation X 1,519 kg
Departure Score
96.56 %
Enroute Score
100.00 %
Arrival Score
94.07 %

What went well

Touched down at -165 fpm — a soft arrival
Straight touchdown — 1.05 m off the centreline, no bounce
Flare on profile — 100 %

What held you back

Departure Taxi — peak taxi speed 39 kt at 57 %, −1.15 points
Arrival Approach — overspeed warning, then GPWS warning; 1,000 ft gate 83 %, 500 ft gate 83 %, −1.11 points
Arrival Landing — GPWS warning; Threshold speed was too high at 142 kt at 70 %, −0.51 points

Next time

Arrival

Reduce power earlier on final so the speed settles to 117 kt before the gate.

What happened: The approach was 39 kt fast at the stabilisation gate, and carrying that extra speed over the threshold usually carries the touchdown long, which happened here by 272 m.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 117 kt at the threshold.

See Arrival ApproachArrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Preparing for a stable approach will give you time to decide on whether to attempt the landing or going around. Too much altitude with a high sink rate will result in carrying too much speed onto the runway. Configuring flaps and the gear late also won't help the speed decay.

Read more in The Stabilised Approach

Start to finish · 17 stages, 15 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Taxi 82.80Taxiing from the parking to the runway took 9 minutes and covered 4 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
57 % Average speed 31 kt0 kt min to max 39 kt 0 9 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 10 ktmax 10 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.96 g min to max 1.05 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.4 °-1.1 ° min to max 0.1 ° -0.5 -0.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.5 °0.0 ° min to max 1.0 ° 0.0 0.1 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 5 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 5 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Flight Director Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Yaw Damper Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 5 ft agl
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 5 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 5 ft agl
Info Pitot Heat Switched On 5 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 5 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 5 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 5 ft agl · 13 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 5 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 5 ft agl · 14 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 5 ft agl · 21 kt
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 5 ft agl · 14 kt
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 16L at KSEA Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Average speed was 11 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 9 kt8 kt min to max 9 kt 9 8 kt
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.8 ° -0.8 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.3 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Departure Roll 100.00Departure roll runway 16L at KSEA Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. Takeoff distance 1,044 m 29 % of runway. Rotation speed was 129 kt. Local weather - Temperature 16 °C. Wind 2 kt at 170 °. Crosswind: 0 kt Headwind: 2 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 1,044 m29 % of runway
100 % Rotation speed was 129 ktTarget 128 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 2.35 m left2.35 m left to 0.00 m left 1.81 1.53 m
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.95 g min to max 1.09 g 1.00 1.05 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle -0.6 °-1.3 ° min to max 5.7 ° -1.0 5.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.2 0.5 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 16L KSEA Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.1 ° min to max 0.0 ° -0.1 0.0 °
100 % Average speed 145 kt142 kt min to max 147 kt 142 147 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.4 ° min to max 1.6 ° 0.4 1.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.19 g1.04 g min to max 1.28 g 1.04 1.09 g
Info Average VSI 616 fpm170 fpm min to max 1,047 fpm 170 1,047 fpm
Info Average altitude 6 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 23 ft agl 0 23 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.7 °5.9 ° min to max 9.8 ° 5.9 9.3 °
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 16L KSEA Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average speed 152 kt147 kt min to max 167 kt 147 167 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.1 ° min to max 2.4 ° 1.6 0.9 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.94 g min to max 1.08 g 1.08 0.97 g
Info Average VSI 1,235 fpm1,068 fpm min to max 1,391 fpm 1,068 1,388 fpm
Info Average altitude 107 ft agl24 ft agl min to max 326 ft agl 24 326 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.1 °6.7 ° min to max 9.3 ° 9.3 6.7 °

Events

Info Taxi Lights Switched Off 100 ft agl · 149 kt
Info Landing Gear Up 100 ft agl · 149 kt
Departure Climb 3 100.00Departure climb to 1,000 ft agl from 16L KSEA Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Climb speed 181 kt168 kt min to max 193 ktTarget 169 kt, 12 kt fast 168 193 kt
100 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.2 ° min to max 4.7 ° 1.0 4.7 °
100 % Average g force 0.98 g0.94 g min to max 1.00 g 0.98 0.97 g
100 % Landing gear up at 60 ft aglTarget by 400 ft agl
Info Heading variation -0.6 °-1.1 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -1.1 °
Info Average VSI 1,399 fpm1,312 fpm min to max 1,437 fpm 1,374 1,312 fpm
Info Average altitude 569 ft agl350 ft agl min to max 795 ft agl 350 795 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 5.6 °4.3 ° min to max 6.6 ° 6.6 4.3 °
Enroute Climb 100.00Enroute climb started 1 mile north east of Des Moines (Washington, United States). Climbing from 1,241 ft asl to 45,005 ft asl, an increase of 43,764 ft in 25 minutes and covering 177 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 269 kt194 kt min to max 301 kt 194 219 kt
100 % Average bank angle 9.4 °0.0 ° min to max 29.6 ° 4.7 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.80 g min to max 1.27 g 1.00 0.93 g
Info Average VSI 1,960 fpm-225 fpm min to max 3,751 fpm 1,275 195 fpm
Info Average altitude 18,607 ft asl1,241 ft asl min to max 45,005 ft asl 1,241 45,005 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle 3.7 °0.4 ° min to max 9.4 ° 4.4 1.4 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 1,188 ft agl · 214 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 1,188 ft agl · 214 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 1,478 ft agl · 213 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 1,478 ft agl · 213 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 2,253 ft agl · 215 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2,734 ft agl · 243 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 9,228 ft agl · 283 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Activated 44,713 ft agl · 461 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 44,713 ft agl · 461 kt
Enroute Level 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north west of Dallas (Oregon, United States) and lasted 38 minutes, covering 323 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±2,750 ft of 45,002 ft asl44,638 ft asl min to max 45,033 ft asl 45,003 44,638 ft asl
100 % Average speed 240 kt221 kt min to max 241 kt 221 235 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 2.1 ° 0.1 0.3 °
100.00 % Average g force 1.00 g0.68 g min to max 1.12 g 1.01 1.01 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.8 °-1.4 ° min to max 1.8 ° 1.5 -1.4 °

Events

Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 42,564 ft agl · 493 kt
Enroute Descent 100.00Enroute descent started 4 miles south of KCOV Covelo Airport Covelo (California, United States). Descent from 44,266 ft asl to 11,361 ft asl, a decrease of 32,904 ft in 16 minutes and covering 115 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 273 kt227 kt min to max 287 kt 233 254 kt
100 % Average bank angle 8.5 °0.0 ° min to max 29.0 ° 0.3 0.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.82 g min to max 1.24 g 1.01 1.00 g
Info Average VSI -2,083 fpm-3,290 fpm min to max -985 fpm -2,345 -1,483 fpm
Info Average altitude 28,638 ft asl11,361 ft asl min to max 44,266 ft asl 44,266 11,361 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.7 °-4.6 ° min to max -1.5 ° -1.7 -2.6 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Activated 25,163 ft agl · 415 kt
Info Autopilot Flight Level Change Deactivated 24,539 ft agl · 407 kt
Enroute Level 2 100.00Enroute level cruise started 2 miles north west of Daly City (California, United States) and lasted 2 minutes, covering 7 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Altitude held within ±1,056 ft of 11,016 ft asl11,003 ft asl min to max 11,122 ft asl 11,122 11,004 ft asl
100 % Average speed 241 kt237 kt min to max 250 kt 250 240 kt
100 % Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.1 0.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.96 g min to max 1.01 g 1.01 1.00 g
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0
Info Average pitch angle 0.1 °-2.6 ° min to max 0.5 ° -2.6 0.3 °
Enroute Descent 2 100.00Enroute descent started overhead San Bruno (California, United States). Descent from 11,003 ft asl to 1,302 ft asl, a decrease of 9,702 ft in 8 minutes and covering 36 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 240 kt186 kt min to max 252 kt 240 186 kt
100 % Average bank angle 16.6 °0.0 ° min to max 30.0 ° 0.1 1.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.05 g0.81 g min to max 1.21 g 1.00 1.02 g
Info Average VSI -1,168 fpm-1,898 fpm min to max -1 fpm -1 -1,048 fpm
Info Average altitude 5,238 ft asl1,302 ft asl min to max 11,003 ft asl 11,003 1,302 ft asl
Info Average pitch angle -2.1 °-3.8 ° min to max 0.9 ° 0.4 -2.8 °
Info Turn coordination 00 min to max 0 0 0

Events

Fail Overspeed Warning Activated 1,316 ft agl · 195 kt
Info Autopilot Altitude Hold Deactivated 10,957 ft agl · 287 kt
Info Landing Lights Switched On 9,931 ft agl · 298 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 4,029 ft agl · 270 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 3,638 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 3,638 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Activated 3,555 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Armed 3,555 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Activated 3,555 ft agl · 266 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 3,209 ft agl · 265 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Activated 2,214 ft agl · 220 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Arm Disarmed 2,214 ft agl · 220 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Deactivated 2,214 ft agl · 220 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 1,517 ft agl · 219 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 1,478 ft agl · 218 kt
Info Flaps Position 4 1,316 ft agl · 195 kt
Arrival Approach 83.33Final approach to runway 28R at KSFO San Francisco International Airport. Descent from 1,344 ft agl to 68 ft agl in 97 seconds. Scored on the stabilisation gates.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed at both gates
100 % Sink ratepassed at both gates
100 % On glideslopepassed at both gates
100 % On centrelinepassed at both gates
0 % On speedfailed at both gates
100 % Wings levelpassed at both gates

Events

Fail Overspeed Warning Activated 1,316 ft agl · 195 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 826 ft agl · 150 kt
Info Flaps Position 4 1,316 ft agl · 195 kt
Info Overspeed Warning Deactivated 1,247 ft agl · 184 kt
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 1,090 ft agl · 163 kt
Arrival Landing 92.42Landing on runway 28R at KSFO San Francisco International Airport, runway length 3,520 m. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was too high at 142 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
70 % Threshold speed was too high at 142 kt. Target 117 kt
100 % Good threshold height.Target 50 ft agl
100 % The flare tracked the target profile exactly. Crossing the threshold 25 kt above target, the aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 729 m past the threshold. The flare cannot burn off excess energy - fix the approach speed and the float goes with it.
100 % Runway alignment max 2.33 m left2.33 m left to 0.97 m right 2.12 -0.97 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.6 °0.0 ° min to max 1.2 ° 0.4 0.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.94 g min to max 1.10 g 1.03 0.94 g
Info Average speed 136 kt126 kt min to max 142 kt 142 126 kt
Info Average VSI -264 fpm-501 fpm min to max -21 fpm -501 -94 fpm
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl-4 ft agl min to max 40 ft agl 40 -4 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °0.3 ° min to max 3.5 ° 0.3 2.8 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Arrival Approach 826 ft agl · 150 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 36 ft agl · 141 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Activated 18 ft agl · 136 kt
Info Autopilot Approach Mode Deactivated 18 ft agl · 136 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Active Deactivated 18 ft agl · 136 kt
Info Autopilot Glideslope Hold Deactivated 18 ft agl · 136 kt
07515022530037545052560067575082501223354658Runway Distance mLanding Height ft075150225300375450525600675750825-30-24-18-12-60612182430Runway Distance mRunway Width m
Arrival Touchdown 94.60Touchdown point was 311 m beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 126 kt was a little fast. Touchdown rate was good at -165 fpm. Runway touchdown alignment was perfect. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 4 kt at 270 °. Crosswind: 2 kt Headwind: 4 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
97 % Touchdown rate was -165 fpm.
70 % Touchdown distance was 729 mTarget 457 m
98 % Speed at touchdown 126 ktTarget below 115 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 1.09 m right1.06 m right -0.97 -1.05 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.8 °0.3 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.3 1.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.93 g min to max 1.17 g 0.94 1.07 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 125 kt124 kt min to max 126 kt 126 124 kt
Info Average pitch angle 3.0 °2.8 ° min to max 3.0 ° 2.8 3.0 °
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 1,572 m, 45 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 1,572 m45 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 4.94 m left4.94 m left to 0.00 m left 0.36 4.94 m
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.98 g min to max 1.06 g 1.06 1.00 g
Info Average speed 109 kt61 kt min to max 120 kt 120 61 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.2 °-1.1 ° min to max 3.0 ° 3.0 -1.0 °
Info Average bank angle 1.1 °0.0 ° min to max 1.8 ° 1.4 0.1 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 37 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 34 kt10 kt min to max 60 kt 60 10 kt
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-1.1 ° min to max -0.9 ° -1.0 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.2 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 5 ft agl · 57 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 5 ft agl · 57 kt
Info Autopilot Nav1 Lock Deactivated 5 ft agl · 8 kt
Info Autopilot Bank Hold Activated 5 ft agl · 8 kt
Arrival Taxi 100.00Taxiing to the parking from the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered 2 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 15 kt0 kt min to max 21 kt 10 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 13 ktmax 18 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.02 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle -0.9 °-1.0 ° min to max -0.9 ° -0.9 -0.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 1.1 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 129 kt, on the 128 kt target, and lifted off at 142 kt 3.5 s later, the nose coming up at 1.9° a second. Climb 3 averaged 181 kt, 12 kt over its 169 kt target.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, the part of the climb scored on holding the climb speed.

Climb 3 target 169210 kt14070020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFtarget 1285.9° off · 1.9°/s9° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0204060 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation beganClimb 3

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 11 kt -1.0° 0 s
80 kt279 m 80 kt -1.2° 19.4 s
Rotate730 m · target 128 129 kt -0.8° 27.7 s
Liftoff975 m · +13 kt from rotation 142 kt 5.9° 31.2 s
35 ft1,302 m · 4.4 s after liftoff 148 kt 8.6° 35.7 s
Gear up1,354 m · 60 ft · full marks to 400 ft 148 kt 8.3° 36.3 s
Climb 32,466 m · 349 ft to 795 ft · target 169 181 kt avg 6.6° 50.5 s
End of Climb 34,214 m · 795 ft 193 kt 4.3° 70 s

Takeoff from KSEA 16L

Taxi lightsOk
Set
Takeoff roll100.00
1,044m29 %
Rotation speed100.00
129kttarget 128, 1 fast
Liftoff speed
142kt
Runway alignment100.00
2.35m L
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Gear up100.00
60ftfull marks to 400 ft
Climb 3 speed100.00
181kttarget 169
Rate of climb100.00
616fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to the end of Climb 3 at 795 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 2,247 m of runway left; gear up at 60 ft, inside the 400 ft that gets full marks; then climbing at 1,240 fpm on average to 795 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length. The gear-up ring is coloured by its mark. The shaded stretch is Climb 3, scored on its average speed against the target.

1,000 ft500 ft0CLIMB 3181 kt avgtarget 169THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080100KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 129 kttarget 128Liftoff 142 ktGear up 60 ftfull marks to 400 ft
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runwayGear upClimb 3

Plan view the roll down the 3,623 m runway.

Rolled from 74 m in, drifted left of the centreline, 2.5 m at the widest, and lifted off 1.5 m left. Airborne 28 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

1,0002,0003,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 2.46 m LROLL 74 M INAirborne 1,049 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 1,049 m of 3,623 m · 29 %
Behind the start of the roll, 74 mTakeoff roll, 975 m Left ahead, 2,574 m

The stabilisation gates

Two stabilised approach gates, each with six checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway. They are the approach's score: the checks passed out of the checks that ran.

Six checks, two gates1,000 ft 83.335 of 6500 ft 83.335 of 6
Gear down
Sink rate1,110 fpm780 fpm
On glideslope2.9°2.3°
On centreline0.1° off0.3° off
On speed+39 kt+26 kt
Wings level0° bank0° bank

At the 1,000 ft gate: speed more than 29 kt above the approach speed of 117 kt.

At the 500 ft gate: speed more than 18 kt above the approach speed of 117 kt.

When the approach was stable

Never every check met at once: fast all the way.

How to read this

Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.

Gear downSink rateOn glideslopeOn centrelineOn speedWings levelAll checks4 nm321THR
Check metNot metStabilisation gate

The approach to KSFO 28R

The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 4 nm to the threshold, never more than 140 ft below the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 1° BAND1,3175702641591,000 ft gate5 of 6on speed1,020 ft · 156 kt500 ft gate5 of 6on speed415 ft · 143 kt
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height thereStabilisation gate

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 11× larger than distances along the final.

Inside the 1° band all the way from 4 nm, never more than 34 m off the centreline.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR85 m L085 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND25 m R1 m L11 m R1 m R11 m L14 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 18 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 4 nm to the threshold (up to +76 kt).

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

120140160180200 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 117+76 kt+26 kt+24 kt+24 kt+25 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the bandStabilisation gate

Landing and touchdown on KSFO 28R

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
40ft
Threshold speed69.69
141kttarget 117, 24 fast
Centreline offset100.00
2.33m L

Touchdown

Past threshold70.31
729m
Centreline100.00
1.09m R
Speed97.98
125kttarget 114, 11 fast
Touchdown rate97.27
-165fpm
Impact100.00
1.17G
BouncesOk
None
The flare100.00

The flare tracked the target profile exactly. Crossing the threshold 25 kt above target, the aircraft floated down the runway before touching. Touchdown was 729 m past the threshold. The flare cannot burn off excess energy - fix the approach speed and the float goes with it.

The crosswind

Little crosswind (2 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 2° left of the track, wings level.

Wind 270° at 4 kt · 4 kt head · 2 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 121 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 53 s, an average deceleration of 0.09 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

0408012060 kt · 930 m30 kt · 1,701 mtouchdown1,769 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 1,652 m of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 40 ft, close to the 50 ft target; began the flare at 25 ft. Touched down 729 m in, 424 m past the ideal 305 m.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 1,652 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

40 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare 25 ft · −315 fpm · 1.2° · 141 ktdescent slowed at 2 ft · −66 fpm · 3.4°−165 fpm · 2.8° nose up · 126 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 40 ft, down at 729 m

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 320 fpm at the flare to 160 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 1.7° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°flaredescent slowedtouchdown−165 fpm at touchdown2.8° at touchdown, +1.7° from the flare
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 1,652 m of the 3,520 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down on the centreline, and stayed about there down the rollout, 4.3 m left at the widest.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

5001,0001,500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 2 kn FULL SCORE TO 503 M 729 m past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 729 m past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.

Runway used 1,530 m of 3,520 m · 43 %
In the air over the runway, 729 mRollout, 801 m Left over, 1,991 m
Rollout distance100.00
801m44 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
4.94m L

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The aircraft taxied from the parking area to runway 16L at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport in 9 minutes, covering 4 nm.

During the departure roll on runway 16L, the Cessna 750 Citation X used 1,044 m of runway, representing 29 % of the available length, and lifted off at 142 kt; ambient temperature was 16 °C with a 2 kt wind from 170°, no crosswind and a 2 kt headwind component.

Climb commenced one mile northeast of Des Moines, WA, where the aircraft ascended from 1,241 ft asl to 45,005 ft asl, a gain of 43,764 ft achieved in 25 minutes while covering 177 nm.

The first cruise segment began two miles northwest of Dallas, OR, and lasted 38 minutes, during which the flight covered 323 nm at level altitude.

Descent phase one started four miles south of Covelo Airport (KCOV) and reduced altitude from 44,266 ft asl to 11,361 ft asl, a loss of 32,904 ft in 16 minutes over a distance of 115 nm.

A brief cruise followed two miles northwest of Daly City, CA, lasting 2 minutes and spanning 7 nm.

The second descent began overhead San Bruno, CA, with the aircraft descending from 11,003 ft asl to 1,302 ft asl, a decrease of 9,702 ft in 8 minutes while traveling 36 nm.

Final approach to runway 28R at San Francisco International Airport reduced altitude from 1,344 ft agl to 68 ft agl in 97 seconds, and the aircraft met the stabilization gate criteria.

Landing on runway 28R, whose length is 3,516 m, occurred with a threshold speed of 142 kt; touchdown was recorded 314 m beyond the touchdown zone at 126 kt, with a vertical speed of minus 94 fpm and perfect alignment, while local conditions were 15 °C, wind 4 kt from 270°, crosswind 2 kt and headwind 4 kt. Total landing distance measured 1,572 m, equivalent to 45 % of the runway.

Runway rollout alignment was reported as very good as the aircraft decelerated to a stop.

The aircraft taxied from the runway to the parking area in less than 1 minute, covering 2 nm.

In total, the flight covered 671 nm, required 108 minutes of elapsed time, and consumed 1,519 kg of fuel.

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