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LIRU
Rome, Italy
Runway 34
Elevation52 ft asl
Weight943 kg
Fuel70 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross

Flight Score

89.24 %
LIRU
Rome, Italy
Runway 34
Elevation52 ft asl
Weight943 kg
Fuel70 kg
Wind270° · 1 kn · 1 kn cross
24 Oct 2026 0:06 7 nm Cessna 172
Departure Score
98.94 %
Pattern Score
94.52 %
Arrival Score
74.26 %

What went well

Rollout controlled — 43 % of the runway used
Rollout held the centreline — 3.29 m off at taxi speed
Airborne in 425 m — 51 % of the runway

What held you back

Arrival Landing — Threshold speed was good at 58 kt at 0 %, Touched down 196 m short of the threshold, so it was never crossed in the air at 0 %, −4.59 points
Firm touchdown — 418 fpm, −2.10 points across the landing and the touchdown
  • Arrival Touchdown · sink rate 418 fpm−1.35
  • Arrival Landing · flare: the descent was not taken out−0.67
  • Arrival Touchdown · 1.55 G at contact−0.07
Arrival Touchdown — Touched down 196 m short of the threshold at 9 %, Runway alignment max 11.66 m right at 73 %, −1.48 points

Next time

Departure

Hold the nose down until the speed reaches 56 kt, then rotate.

What happened: You started the rotation at 45 kt, 11 kt before the 56 kt rotation speed.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator: 56 kt at rotation

See Departure Roll

Arrival

Add power on short final to hold speed at 58 kt, correcting the slow threshold speed before it carries through to the flare.

What happened: Threshold speed was slow at 58 kt against 58 kt, and touchdown followed short of the aim point at 196 m. Crossing the threshold slow like this usually carries the touchdown short.

Watch for: Airspeed indicator against 58 kt on short final.

See Arrival LandingArrival Touchdown

Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.

Read more in VRef Explained

Start to finish · 17 stages, 14 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport, Average speed was 1 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 7 kt0 kt min to max 20 kt 0 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle 2.0 °1.8 ° min to max 2.4 ° 1.8 2.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.1 0.1 °
Info Average g force 0.99 g0.98 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 0.98 g

Events

Info Battery Master On 3 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 3 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Strobe Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Autopilot Master Switched On 3 ft agl
Info Autopilot Avionics Managed Activated 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 3 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 1 3 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 3 ft agl
Departure Roll 96.83Departure roll runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport. Takeoff distance 425 m 51 % of runway. Rotation speed was 45 kt. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kt at 269 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 0 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 425 m51 % of runway
84 % Rotation speed was 45 ktTarget 56 kt
100 % Runway alignment max 2.54 m right1.45 m left to 2.54 m right -0.12 1.45 m
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.96 g min to max 1.01 g 0.99 1.01 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 3.5 °2.3 ° min to max 6.2 ° 2.3 6.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.3 °0.1 ° min to max 1.4 ° 0.1 1.4 °
Departure Climb 1 100.00Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 34 LIRU Rome Urbe Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation -0.4 °-0.6 ° min to max -0.1 ° -0.1 -0.6 °
100 % Average speed 68 kt64 kt min to max 70 kt 64 70 kt
100 % Average bank angle 1.2 °0.0 ° min to max 2.3 ° 1.4 2.3 °
100 % Average g force 1.08 g1.02 g min to max 1.11 g 1.02 1.05 g
Info Average VSI 607 fpm292 fpm min to max 905 fpm 292 905 fpm
Info Average altitude 10 ft agl-1 ft agl min to max 35 ft agl -1 35 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.9 °6.3 ° min to max 13.2 ° 6.3 13.2 °
Departure Climb 2 100.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 34 LIRU Rome Urbe Airport.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 69 kt69 kt min to max 70 kt 70 69 kt
100 % Average bank angle 3.6 °2.4 ° min to max 5.0 ° 2.4 5.0 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g1.03 g min to max 1.05 g 1.05 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 1,018 fpm916 fpm min to max 1,113 fpm 916 1,113 fpm
Info Average altitude 48 ft agl36 ft agl min to max 61 ft agl 36 61 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 14.0 °13.3 ° min to max 14.6 ° 13.3 14.6 °
Pattern Entry 100.00Left hand pattern entry from runway 34 LIRU Rome Urbe Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 72 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 72 kt66 kt min to max 86 kt 69 86 kt
100 % Average bank angle 6.7 °0.2 ° min to max 28.6 ° 5.0 16.3 °
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.85 g min to max 1.11 g 1.02 1.11 g
Info Average VSI 842 fpm-259 fpm min to max 1,284 fpm 1,116 -229 fpm
Info Average altitude 499 ft agl62 ft agl min to max 1,019 ft agl 62 1,007 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 10.6 °1.6 ° min to max 15.2 ° 14.6 2.2 °
Pattern Crosswind 79.49Left hand pattern crosswind from runway 34 LIRU Rome Urbe Airport. Distance was less than 1 nm in 14 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
54 % Heading 11.8 °-11.3 ° min to max 17.4 ° 17.4 -11.3 °
100 % Average speed 85 kt83 kt min to max 87 kt 86 84 kt
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.96 g min to max 1.13 g 1.13 1.08 g
Info Average VSI 406 fpm-126 fpm min to max 647 fpm -126 184 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,050 ft agl1,003 ft agl min to max 1,115 ft agl 1,003 1,115 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 10.7 °0.2 ° min to max 30.9 ° 9.9 30.9 °
Info Average pitch angle 5.6 °3.2 ° min to max 8.1 ° 3.2 3.8 °
Pattern Downwind Turn 100.00Pattern Downwind Turn. Distance was 2 nm. Angle to the runway's far end 34.4 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 87 kt84 kt min to max 88 kt 84 86 kt
100 % Average bank angle 22.8 °18.8 ° min to max 31.0 ° 31.0 19.1 °
100 % Average g force 1.12 g1.06 g min to max 1.17 g 1.09 1.06 g
Info Average VSI 205 fpm-106 fpm min to max 638 fpm 54 638 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,122 ft agl1,113 ft agl min to max 1,149 ft agl 1,117 1,149 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.7 °2.5 ° min to max 7.1 ° 3.0 7.1 °
Pattern Downwind 82.17Pattern Downwind Leg. Distance was 3 nm in 111 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading 4.0 °-18.0 ° min to max 12.4 ° 12.4 -18.0 °
41 % Average altitude 1,316 ft agl1,160 ft agl min to max 1,381 ft agl 1,160 1,254 ft agl
100 % Average speed 85 kt82 kt min to max 88 kt 86 88 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.87 g min to max 1.10 g 1.10 1.03 g
Info Average VSI 56 fpm-532 fpm min to max 744 fpm 697 -409 fpm
Info Average bank angle 2.6 °0.0 ° min to max 20.2 ° 20.2 14.2 °
Info Average pitch angle 2.9 °-0.9 ° min to max 7.7 ° 7.7 -0.1 °
Pattern Base Leg Turn 100.00Pattern Base Leg Turn. Distance was 2 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 34.8 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 34.8 °.
100 % Average speed 88 kt85 kt min to max 90 kt 88 86 kt
100 % Average bank angle 10.1 °0.8 ° min to max 16.8 ° 14.6 12.2 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.98 g min to max 1.05 g 1.03 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -308 fpm-455 fpm min to max -84 fpm -413 -418 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,174 ft agl1,121 ft agl min to max 1,247 ft agl 1,247 1,121 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 0.4 °-0.9 ° min to max 1.8 ° -0.2 -0.9 °
Pattern Base Leg 100.00Pattern Base Leg. Distance was less than 1 nm in 12 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading 3.8 °-11.9 ° min to max 16.9 ° 16.9 -11.9 °
100 % Average speed 89 kt86 kt min to max 90 kt 86 90 kt
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.99 g min to max 1.06 g 0.99 1.05 g
Info Average VSI -531 fpm-650 fpm min to max -328 fpm -492 -328 fpm
Info Average altitude 1,053 ft agl1,002 ft agl min to max 1,111 ft agl 1,111 1,002 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 12.6 °11.8 ° min to max 14.4 ° 13.0 14.4 °
Info Average pitch angle -1.0 °-1.8 ° min to max 0.5 ° -1.3 0.5 °
Pattern Final Turn 100.00Pattern Final Turn. Distance was less than 1 nm in 34 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 82 kt70 kt min to max 89 kt 89 70 kt
100 % Average bank angle 9.3 °0.1 ° min to max 24.0 ° 15.4 0.7 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.90 g min to max 1.19 g 1.04 0.98 g
Info Average VSI -628 fpm-1,194 fpm min to max 64 fpm -283 -837 fpm
Info Average altitude 846 ft agl629 ft agl min to max 992 ft agl 992 629 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -2.3 °-5.8 ° min to max 3.3 ° 0.6 -4.0 °

Events

Info Flaps Position 2 920 ft agl · 94 kt
Info Flaps Position 3 653 ft agl · 89 kt
Arrival Approach Final approach to runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport. Descent from 982 ft agl to 93 ft agl in 58 seconds. Not scored on a circuit: the stabilisation gate is shown for reference.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Gear downpassed
100 % Landing flappassed
100 % Sink ratepassed
0 % On glideslopefailed
0 % On centrelinefailed
0 % On speedfailed
100 % Wings levelpassed

Events

Info Flaps Position 3 653 ft agl · 89 kt
Arrival Landing 36.82Landing on runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport, runway length 837 m. Touched down 196 m short of the threshold, so it was never crossed in the air. Threshold speed was good at 58 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Threshold speed was good at 58 kt. Target 58 kt
0 % Touched down 196 m short of the threshold, so it was never crossed in the air.Target 45 ft agl
68 % The flare wandered off the target profile. The aircraft was flown onto the runway - pitch changed 2.3° and the descent was barely arrested. Touchdown was 196 m short of the threshold. Start the flare with progressive back pressure rather than one pull, and keep it coming.
50 % Runway alignment max 23.91 m right11.66 m right to 23.91 m right -23.91 -11.66 m
99 % Average bank angle 1.5 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 2.6 0.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.02 g0.99 g min to max 1.05 g 1.01 1.05 g
Info Average speed 53 kt48 kt min to max 58 kt 58 48 kt
Info Average VSI -630 fpm-731 fpm min to max -491 fpm -731 -491 fpm
Info Average altitude 43 ft agl8 ft agl min to max 82 ft agl 82 8 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °-0.1 ° min to max 5.2 ° -0.1 4.5 °

Events

Info Stall Warning Activated 8 ft agl · 57 kt
07515022530037545052501021314252Runway Distance mLanding Height ft
Arrival Touchdown 65.16Touchdown was 196 m short of the threshold. Touchdown speed at 48 kt was good. Touchdown rate was hard at -418 fpm. Runway touchdown position was misaligned by 11.7 m from centreline. Local weather - Temperature 15 °C. Wind 1 kt at 270 °. Crosswind: 1 kt Headwind: 0 kt.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
19 % Touchdown rate was -418 fpm.
9 % Touched down 196 m short of the thresholdTarget 431 m
100 % Speed at touchdown 48 ktTarget below 58 kt
73 % Runway alignment max 11.66 m right11.33 m right -11.66 -10.95 m
100 % Average bank angle 0.4 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.8 0.1 °
83 % Average g force 1.19 g1.02 g min to max 1.55 g 1.05 1.16 g
100 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 48 kt47 kt min to max 48 kt 48 47 kt
Info Average pitch angle 4.1 °3.7 ° min to max 4.5 ° 4.5 4.4 °

Events

Info Stall Warning Deactivated 4 ft agl · 56 kt
Arrival Rollout 100.00Total landing distance 374 m, 45 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was very good.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 374 m45 % of runway.
100 % Runway alignment max 4.33 m right0.00 m left to 4.33 m right -4.33 -3.29 m
100 % Average g force 1.03 g1.00 g min to max 1.15 g 1.15 1.00 g
Info Average speed 49 kt30 kt min to max 55 kt 55 30 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.8 °0.7 ° min to max 4.7 ° 4.5 2.3 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.3 ° 0.1 0.2 °
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 14 kt
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 26 kt20 kt min to max 29 kt 29 20 kt
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °0.6 ° min to max 2.4 ° 2.2 1.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.3 0.2 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Flaps Position 1 3 ft agl · 29 kt
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 3 ft agl · 29 kt
Arrival Taxi 95.05Taxiing to the parking from the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 13 kt0 kt min to max 19 kt 19 0 kt
100 % Average speed turning corners 8 ktmax 12 kt 0 0 kt
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 1.4 °-0.2 ° min to max 2.7 ° 1.5 2.2 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.1 0.2 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Rotated at 45 kt, 11 kt below the 56 kt target, and lifted off at 64 kt 4.8 s later, the nose coming up at 0.6° a second.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The dashed green line is the speed to rotate at for this aircraft at its weight, and the green dot is where the nose started to come up. The figures at liftoff are the pitch then and how fast the nose came up, in degrees a second.

90 kt6030020°10°0°ROTATELIFTOFFtarget 566.2° off · 0.6°/s13° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH01020 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitchRotation speed targetRotation began

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 m 11 kt 2.3° 0 s
Rotate166 m · target 56 45 kt 3.3° 7.9 s
Liftoff317 m · +19 kt from rotation 64 kt 6.2° 12.6 s
35 ft558 m · 6.4 s after liftoff 70 kt 13.3° 19.0 s
End of the climb618 m · 62 ft 69 kt 14.6° 20.6 s

Takeoff from LIRU 34

Takeoff roll100.00
425m51 %
Rotation speed84.16
45kttarget 56, 11 slow
Liftoff speed
64kt
Runway alignment100.00
2.54m R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb100.00
607fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 62 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 212 m of runway left.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

500 ft250 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END30KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLRotate 45 kttarget 56Liftoff 64 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 837 m runway.

Rolled from 67 m in, drifted 2.5 m right of the centreline and was back on it to lift off. Airborne 45 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length.

100200300400500600700800THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓75 %widest 2.53 m RROLL 67 M INAirborne 384 m from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 384 m of 837 m · 46 %
Behind the start of the roll, 67 mTakeoff roll, 317 m Left ahead, 453 m

The circuit to LIRU 34

Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 0.8 nm out at 85 kt

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING1234crosswinddownwindbase90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The green box is circuit height, 1,000 ft, on the downwind. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKcircuit height 1,000 ftturn crosswind from 500 ft29°131°217°324°4distance flown →
HeightBankA turnCircuit height ±50 ft30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
1,016 ft
Bank
29°
Speed
79 kt

Off heading: 12° from the leg's heading on average.

Each lap slightly wider and higher than the last, because you're unconsciously using the previous lap as your reference instead of the runway and the numbers. Invisible lap to lap, unmistakable across ten. This is the failure that only measurement catches, because your memory of lap three is gone by lap eight.

Read more in Pattern Work
2Onto downwind
Bank
31°
Height
1,316 ft on 1,000 ft
Speed
85 kt
Out
1.1 nm 0.8 suits 85 kt

High on downwind: 1,316 ft against 1,000 ft, 316 ft above.

Downwind. Parallel to the runway, opposite the landing direction, at pattern altitude and roughly 90 kt. The single most important moment of the entire circuit is the point abeam your intended touchdown point. Power back (around 1,700 RPM in a 172 works as a starting value to calibrate), first stage of flap, pre-landing flow, and re-trim. Everything from abeam to touchdown is one continuous energy problem. Arrive at the abeam point high or fast and you'll pay for it ninety seconds later in the flare, which is why analysing only the touchdown so often misdiagnoses the fault.

Read more in Pattern Work
3Base turn
Angle
35° target 45°
Bank
17°
Height
1,244 ft

Good: full marks on the turn and the leg after it.

4Final turn
Bank
24°
Overshoot
65 m none
Speed
82 kt

Good: full marks on the turn.

Entry100Crosswind79Turn onto downwind100Downwind82Base turn100Base100Final turn100

The approach to LIRU 34

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

High from 1.5 nm, where the final began, to 0.6 nm (up to 450 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 305 m past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,0002,500 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,3301,0106903703° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND981686313
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 312 m left of the centreline at 1.5 nm, then 65 m right of it from 1.1 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR305 m L0305 m RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND280 m L47 m R41 m R
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 29 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 17 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.

Fast from 1.5 nm, where the final began, to 0.9 nm (up to +29 kt), then inside the band to the threshold.

How to read this

Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.

6080100120 kt4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRAPPROACH SPEED 58+24 kt+20 kt+7 kt−10 kt
Your airspeedApproach speedWhat the gates allowOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on LIRU 34

Over the threshold

ThresholdFail
not crossed - landed short
Centreline offset50.40
23.91m R

Touchdown

Past threshold9.24
-196m
Centreline72.51
11.66m R
Speed100.00
48kttarget 58 or less
Touchdown rate18.78
-418fpm
Impact82.86
1.55G
BouncesOk
None
The flare67.65

The aircraft touched down before the threshold. Everything the flare is measured against - the profile, the crossing height, the aim point - is referenced to a threshold this landing never reached, so read the numbers below as what happened short of the runway, not on it. Landing short is the fault to fix before anything about the hold-off is worth judging.

The crosswind

No crosswind: nothing to correct for. Touched down straight, wings level.

Wind 270° at 1 kt · 0 kt head · 0 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

The stop

From 56 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 10 s, an average deceleration of 0.15 g.

How to read this

Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.

02040608030 kt · 190 mtouchdown197 mkt
Your ground speed60 kt and taxi speed

Side view — the last 837 m of the approach.

Began the flare at 24 ft, 277 m before the threshold; crossed the threshold at 82 ft, 32 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 196 m before the threshold.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 837 m across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 305 m in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

82 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 Flare began at 24 ft, 277 m before the threshold−614 fpm · 2.8° · 53 ktdescent slowed at 2 ft · −418 fpm · 4.8° Ideal — 50 ft, down at 305 m This flight — 82 ft, down at -196 m

Plan view — the full 837 m runway, to the same scale as the side view.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended.

500 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ FULL SCORE TO 474 M 196 m SHORT of the threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

Touched down 196 m short of the threshold. The 417 fpm arrival was firm.

Runway used 143 m of 837 m · 17 %
Rollout, 143 m Left over, 694 m
Rollout distance100.00
143m43 % used
Rollout alignment100.00
4.33m R

The rest of the report

Explore in detail

Flight narrative

The Cessna 172 departed from runway 34 at LIRU Rome Urbe Airport. Takeoff used 425 m, 51 % of the runway, and rotation occurred at 45 kt. Local weather was 15 °C with wind 1 kt from 269°, giving a 1 kt cross-wind and no head-wind.

Initial climb reached 400 ft agl in 6 seconds, averaging 676 fpm and attaining 69 kt at the top of the climb.

The left-hand circuit lasted 5 minutes. The downwind leg was 3 nm and was flown in 111 seconds at 1,320 ft agl. The base leg was less than 1 nm and was completed in 12 seconds.

During final approach to runway 34, descent was from 982 ft agl to 93 ft agl in 58 seconds. At 500 ft above the runway the stabilisation checks were: gear down, landing flap, sink rate, on speed, wings level - all met; on glideslope and on centreline - not met.

Landing occurred on runway 34. Touchdown was 196 m short of the threshold; the threshold speed was 58 kt. Flare was described as a fair landing flare with little round-out. Touchdown speed was 48 kt and the rate was hard at minus 418 fpm. The touchdown point was misaligned by 11.7 m from the centreline. No bounce occurred. Total landing distance was 374 m, 45 % of the runway, and rollout alignment was very good.

Taxiing from the runway to the parking area took less than 1 minute and covered less than 1 nm. The total flight was 7 nm, lasted 6 minutes and used 0 kg of fuel.

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