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MY FS FLIGHTS
Flight Score
Keep the approach speed on target
See Arrival Landing
Every knot above Vref is stored kinetic energy, and energy stored at the threshold must be dissipated in ground effect before the aeroplane will stop flying. Because kinetic energy scales with the square of speed, the excess you must dissipate grows fast. At a 45-knot approach, five knots hot is over a tenth more speed and roughly a quarter more energy to get rid of in ground effect. This is why the fix is never in the flare. It was decided three miles earlier, on final, at the airspeed indicator.
Read more in VRef ExplainedStart to finish · 18 stages, 16 in the score
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From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.
Lifted off at 107 kt with 3.5° of pitch.
Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.
The takeoff, point by point
Side view from the start of the roll to 295 ft. The distance scale changes past the runway end.
Reached 35 ft with 6,251 ft of runway left; then climbing at 70 fpm on average to 295 ft.
The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.
Plan view the roll down the 9,936 ft runway.
Rolled from 250 ft in, drifted right of the centreline, 44 ft at the widest, and lifted off 44 ft right. Airborne 22 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.
The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Two stabilised approach gates, each with seven checks, where the approach path is 1,000 ft and 500 ft above the runway.
At the 1,000 ft gate: sink rate more than 600 fpm beyond what the glideslope needed, glideslope more than 1° off the runway's 3°, centreline more than 1° off and speed more than 25 kt above the approach speed of 101 kt.
At the 500 ft gate: speed more than 15 kt above the approach speed of 101 kt.
When the approach was stable
Never every check met at once: fast all the way, high until 2.7 nm, sinking too fast until 2.3 nm, left of the centreline from 0.3 nm to the threshold.
Each line is one of the gate checks, run along the whole final rather than only at the gates: green where it would have passed, amber where it would not. The glideslope, centreline and speed lines use the bands in the charts beside this card. The sink rate is allowed what the glideslope needs at your ground speed plus 600 fpm, the wings 10° of bank, and the gear and flap are read from when you moved the levers. The bottom line is green where every check held at once, ignoring blips shorter than 0.2 nm, and the sentence above it says from where it held to the threshold. A ring is a stabilisation gate, where the checks in the table were taken.
The final from 4 nm, with the stabilisation gates on it.
Profile height against the 3° glideslope, with its 1° band in green.
High from 3.7 nm, where the final began, to 2.7 nm (up to 1,060 ft over), then back on it to the threshold.
Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 3° here, which is about 320 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 50 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber. A ring is a stabilisation gate: green when every check there passed, amber with the failed checks named beside it.
Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.
Joined 2,100 ft right of the centreline at 3.7 nm, then inside it from 2.2 to 0.3 nm, then 40 ft left of it from 0.3 nm to the threshold.
Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.
Speed against the approach speed. The green band runs from 5 kt slow to 25 kt fast at the 1,000 ft gate, closing to 15 at 500 ft and 10 at the threshold.
Fast from 3.7 nm, where the final began, to the threshold (up to +83 kt).
Your indicated airspeed down the final, against the approach speed for this aircraft at its landing weight. The band allows 5 kt slow and more on the fast side further out, closing as you get lower, because the speed is expected to come off on the way down. The figures are knots above (+) or below (−) the approach speed.
Over the threshold
Touchdown
Very poor landing flare
Little crosswind (2 kt): nothing to correct for. Touched down with the nose 5° right of the track, 18° of bank.
Wind 359° at 3 kt · 1 kt tail · 2 kt across
The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.
From 141 kt at touchdown to taxi speed (30 kt) in 14 s, an average deceleration of 0.41 g.
Your ground speed from the moment the wheels touched until you were down to taxi speed, against the distance rolled. A steep line is hard braking, a shallow one a long, gentle roll. For scale, an airliner's lowest autobrake setting decelerates at about 0.15 g, a medium one about 0.3 g. Shown for reading; not marked.
Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.
Crossed the threshold at 68 ft, 18 ft above the 50 ft target. Touched down 2,098 ft in, 1,098 ft past the ideal 1,000 ft.
The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.
Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.
The sink went from 870 fpm at 64 ft to 30 fpm at 19 ft, then back up to 750 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 1.2° on the way down.
Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.
Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 9,420 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.
Touched down 18 ft right of the centreline and drifted to 65 ft right on the rollout.
The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.
Touched down 2,098 ft past the threshold — beyond the full-score zone. The arrival was smooth.
The rest of the report
The flight began with a taxiing period from the parking to the runway, which took 5 minutes and covered a distance of 1 nautical mile. The aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air 350, then departed from runway 09 at the Del Caribe Santiago Mariño International Airport. The takeoff distance was 1,964 feet, which is 20% of the runway length. The liftoff speed was 108 knots.
The local weather conditions at the time of takeoff were characterized by a temperature of 85 degrees Fahrenheit and a wind speed of 4 knots at 100 degrees. The crosswind was 2 knots, while the headwind was 4 knots. After a short enroute level cruise that lasted less than 1 minute and covered less than 1 nautical mile, the aircraft began its enroute climb from 399 feet above sea level to 13,927 feet above sea level. This climb, which covered a distance of 47 nautical miles, took 17 minutes and resulted in an increase of 13,528 feet in altitude.
Following the enroute climb, the aircraft entered another enroute level cruise, this time lasting 23 minutes and covering a distance of 100 nautical miles. The cruise took place 26 miles northwest of Cumana, Venezuela. The aircraft then began its enroute descent from 13,908 feet above sea level to 1,811 feet above sea level, a decrease of 12,097 feet in altitude. This descent, which covered a distance of 41 nautical miles, took 10 minutes.
The final approach to runway 27 at the Simón Bolívar International Airport was made from the east, with the aircraft heading 242.0 degrees at a distance of 3 nautical miles and an altitude of 1,578 feet above ground level. The landing on runway 27 took place on a runway with a length of 9,420 feet. The threshold height at 69 feet above ground level was above the target, while the threshold speed was excessively high at 156 knots.
The touchdown point was 762 feet beyond the touchdown zone, and the touchdown speed was excessively fast at 136 knots. The touchdown rate was firm at -325 feet per minute. The runway touchdown position was slightly misaligned by 18 feet from the centreline. The local weather conditions at the time of landing were characterized by a temperature of 89 degrees Fahrenheit and a wind speed of 3 knots at 360 degrees. The crosswind was 3 knots, while the tailwind was 1 knot.
The total landing distance was 3,372 feet, which is 36% of the runway length. The runway rollout alignment was misaligned by 72 feet from the centreline. The taxiing period from the runway to the parking took 6 minutes and covered a distance of less than 1 nautical mile. The total flight distance was 209 nautical miles, and the flight duration was 70 minutes. The aircraft used 780 pounds of fuel during the flight.
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