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KSFZ
Pawtucket, United States
Runway 23
Elevation417 ft asl
Weight5,349 lbs
Fuel1,023 lbs
Wind260° · 7 kn · 5 kn cross

Flight Score

80.43 %
KSFZ
Pawtucket, United States
Runway 23
Elevation417 ft asl
Weight5,290 lbs
Fuel875 lbs
Wind290° · 5 kn · 5 kn cross
12 Jun 2024 0:07 3 nm Cessna T37 B 148 lbs
Departure Score
93.62 %
Pattern Score
53.08 %
Arrival Score
94.58 %

What went well

Touched down at -136 fpm — a soft arrival
Touchdown 1,572 ft in — inside the full-score zone
1.18 G at touchdown — inside band

What held you back

Pattern Downwind Turn — GPWS warning; Angle to runway (45 degrees) 149.0 ° at 0 %, bank angle up to 119.7 ° at 0 %, −7.73 points
Pattern Entry — GPWS warning; bank angle up to 76.3 ° at 14 %, g force 0.52 to 2.37 g at 36 %, −5.02 points
Pattern Crosswind — GPWS warning; g force 0.97 to 4.81 g at 0 %, Heading -10.3 ° at 64 %, −2.89 points
Departure Roll — Strobe Lights at 0 %, Runway alignment max 23.1 ft at 85 %, −0.88 points

Next time

Maintain the centreline

See Departure Roll

A small uncorrected heading error at 40 knots becomes a metre of offset per second by 100 knots, noticed only at rotation, producing a crabbed liftoff. Root cause is nearly always eyes on the tape instead of the far end of the runway. Small heading changes displace a distant point visibly long before the nearby centreline stripes look wrong.

Read more in Improve Your Take-Offs

Start to finish · 13 stages, 11 in the score

The flight story

Departure One segment per stage, in flight order — colour is the score band. Drag the bar to move along the flight, or click a stage card to open its detail. Arrival
Departure Runway Entry Entering runway 23 at KSFZ North Central State, Average speed was 15 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 11 kn0 kn min to max 22 kn 0 0 kn
Info Average pitch angle 1.5 °0.0 ° min to max 2.2 ° 0.0 1.7 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.4 ° 0.0 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g

Events

Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched Off 2 ft agl
Info Taxi Lights Switched On 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 2 ft agl
Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl
Departure Roll 92.09Departure roll runway 23 at KSFZ North Central State. Takeoff distance 495 ft 10 % of runway. Liftoff speed was 110 kn. Local weather - Temperature 75 °F. Wind 7 kn at 260 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 5 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Takeoff distance 495 ft10 % of runway
100 % Liftoff speed was 110 knTarget 115 kn
85 % Runway alignment max 23.1 ft0.0 ft left to 23.1 ft right -2.4 -10.0 ft
100 % Average g force 0.99 g0.94 g min to max 1.05 g 1.00 1.00 g
100 % Takeoff Bounce
Info Average pitch angle 1.9 °1.5 ° min to max 3.4 ° 1.7 3.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.6 ° 0.0 0.6 °

Events

Fail Strobe Lights
Info Parking Brake Off 2 ft agl · 5 kt
Departure Climb 1 98.77Departure climb to 50 ft agl from runway 23 KSFZ North Central State.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Heading variation 0.2 °0.1 ° min to max 0.2 ° 0.2 0.1 °
100 % Average speed 116 kn110 kn min to max 121 kn 110 121 kn
98 % Average bank angle 2.0 °0.7 ° min to max 2.6 ° 0.7 1.3 °
92 % Average g force 1.24 g1.00 g min to max 1.39 g 1.01 1.09 g
Info Average VSI 915 ft/m462 ft/m min to max 1,321 ft/m 462 1,321 ft/m
Info Average altitude 15 ft agl0 ft agl min to max 48 ft agl 0 48 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 8.5 °3.4 ° min to max 11.9 ° 3.8 10.5 °
Departure Climb 2 90.00Departure climb to 400 ft agl from 23 KSFZ North Central State.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 128 kn121 kn min to max 148 kn 121 148 kn
100 % Average bank angle 1.4 °0.0 ° min to max 2.5 ° 1.2 1.1 °
100 % Average g force 0.95 g0.88 g min to max 1.18 g 1.05 1.02 g
Info Average VSI 1,681 ft/m1,352 ft/m min to max 3,393 ft/m 1,352 3,393 ft/m
Info Average altitude 150 ft agl50 ft agl min to max 610 ft agl 50 610 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 9.5 °7.9 ° min to max 14.4 ° 10.2 14.4 °

Events

Info Landing Gear Up 92 ft agl · 128 kt
Pattern Entry 54.87Left hand pattern entry from runway 23 KSFZ North Central State. Distance was less than 1 nm in 14 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 170 kn146 kn min to max 187 kn 146 187 kn
14 % Average bank angle 47.5 °6.2 ° min to max 76.3 ° 55.2 76.3 °
36 % Average g force 1.34 g0.52 g min to max 2.37 g 0.76 1.32 g
Info Average VSI 1,338 ft/m-1,664 ft/m min to max 3,470 ft/m 3,278 2,115 ft/m
Info Average altitude 796 ft agl685 ft agl min to max 1,001 ft agl 731 1,001 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 6.0 °-4.5 ° min to max 14.1 ° 9.2 3.8 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 855 ft agl · 166 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 835 ft agl · 184 kt
Pattern Crosswind 73.97Left hand pattern crosswind from runway 23 KSFZ North Central State. Distance was less than 1 nm in 11 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
64 % Heading -10.3 °-38.1 ° min to max 12.4 ° 12.4 -9.1 °
100 % Average speed 209 kn190 kn min to max 223 kn 190 220 kn
0 % Average g force 2.84 g0.97 g min to max 4.81 g 1.37 2.36 g
Info Average VSI -2,851 ft/m-9,974 ft/m min to max 2,571 ft/m 1,000 2,571 ft/m
Info Average altitude 726 ft agl339 ft agl min to max 1,009 ft agl 1,009 429 ft agl
Info Average bank angle 67.0 °9.7 ° min to max 137.3 ° 76.3 38.7 °
Info Average pitch angle -4.6 °-30.3 ° min to max 16.9 ° 0.1 16.7 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 844 ft agl · 220 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 454 ft agl · 227 kt
Pattern Downwind Turn 30.40Pattern Downwind Turn. Distance was 2 nm. Angle to runway (45 degrees) 149.0 °.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
0 % Angle to runway (45 degrees) 149.0 °.
100 % Average speed 138 kn85 kn min to max 219 kn 219 86 kn
0 % Average bank angle 15.9 °0.0 ° min to max 119.7 ° 40.3 1.7 °
4 % Average g force 1.10 g0.33 g min to max 2.93 g 2.17 0.97 g
Info Average VSI -289 ft/m-6,134 ft/m min to max 7,411 ft/m 5,038 -182 ft/m
Info Average altitude 526 ft agl54 ft agl min to max 1,347 ft agl 537 54 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle -0.1 °-20.2 ° min to max 22.0 ° 20.2 2.6 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated 990 ft agl · 192 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 809 ft agl · 127 kt
Fail GPWS Warning Activated 172 ft agl · 88 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 635 ft agl · 206 kt
Info Flaps Position 1 658 ft agl · 203 kt
Info Landing Gear Down 704 ft agl · 194 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 708 ft agl · 125 kt
Info Flaps Position 2 666 ft agl · 123 kt
Arrival Final 1 100.00Approaching runway 23 at KSFZ North Central State from 1 nm to 0 nm. Descent from 54 ft agl to 35 ft agl. A decrease of 20 ft in 4 seconds.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Approach angle 1.9 °1.9 ° min to max 2.0 °Target 2.5 ° 1.9 2.0 °
100 % Average speed 86 kn85 kn min to max 86 kn 86 85 kn
100 % Heading variation 0.0 °0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 1.6 °0.0 ° min to max 2.6 ° 1.7 1.8 °
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.94 g min to max 1.03 g 0.97 1.01 g
Info Average VSI -266 ft/m-298 ft/m min to max -182 ft/m -182 -248 ft/m
Info Average altitude 44 ft agl35 ft agl min to max 54 ft agl 54 35 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 3.0 °2.2 ° min to max 3.4 ° 2.6 3.4 °

Events

Fail GPWS Warning Activated still on from Pattern Downwind Turn 172 ft agl · 88 kt
Info GPWS Warning Deactivated 62 ft agl · 88 kt
00.250.50.751050Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Height ft00.250.50.751-80-60-40-20020406080Distance to Touchdown NMApproach Runway Alignment ft
Arrival Landing 99.97Landing on runway 23 at KSFZ North Central State, runway length 5,004 ft. Good threshold height. Threshold speed was a little below target at 85 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
99.9 % Threshold speed was a little below target at 85 kn. Target 95 kn
100 % Landing and flare profile
100 % Heading variation -0.0 °-0.0 ° min to max 0.0 ° 0.0 -0.0 °
100 % Average bank angle 0.9 °0.0 ° min to max 1.7 ° 1.7 0.6 °
100 % Average g force 1.01 g0.95 g min to max 1.04 g 1.01 1.00 g
Info Average speed 80 kn72 kn min to max 85 kn 85 72 kn
Info Average VSI -165 ft/m-246 ft/m min to max -75 ft/m -246 -134 ft/m
Info Average altitude 12 ft agl-1 ft agl min to max 29 ft agl 29 -1 ft agl
Info Average pitch angle 4.2 °3.2 ° min to max 5.4 ° 3.4 5.4 °
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,75001123344657Runway Distance ftLanding Height ft02505007501,0001,2501,5001,750-60-48-36-24-1201224364860Runway Distance ftRunway Width ft
Arrival Touchdown 91.78Touchdown point was 394 ft beyond the touchdown zone. Touchdown speed at 72 kn was good. Touchdown rate was smooth at -134 ft/m. Runway touchdown alignment was very good. Local weather - Temperature 76 °F. Wind 5 kn at 290 °. Crosswind: 5 kn Headwind: 1 kn.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
91 % Touchdown VSI was -134 ft/m.
100 % Touchdown distance was 1,564 ftTarget 1,500 ft
100 % Speed at touchdown 72 knTarget 97 kn
100 % Runway alignment max 9.8 ft6.4 ft right -3.0 -9.8 ft
100 % Average bank angle 0.5 °0.2 ° min to max 0.8 ° 0.6 0.4 °
100 % Average g force 1.04 g0.95 g min to max 1.18 g 1.00 1.02 g
60 % Landing Bounce
Info Average speed 70 kn68 kn min to max 72 kn 72 68 kn
Info Average pitch angle 6.8 °5.4 ° min to max 8.1 ° 5.4 6.6 °

Events

Info Battery Master On 426 ft agl
Info Engine 1 Started 426 ft agl
Info Engine 2 Started 426 ft agl
Info Beacon Lights Switched On 426 ft agl
Info Landing Lights Switched On 426 ft agl
Info Navigation Lights Switched On 426 ft agl
Info Landing Gear Down 426 ft agl
Info Parking Brake On 426 ft agl
Info Flaps Position 1 426 ft agl
Arrival Rollout 91.13Total landing distance 2,866 ft, 57 % of runway. Runway rollout alignment was slightly misaligned by 28 ft from centreline.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Landing distance 2,866 ft57 % of runway.
80 % Runway alignment max 27.8 ft0.0 ft left to 27.8 ft right -10.1 -21.9 ft
100 % Average g force 1.00 g0.97 g min to max 1.03 g 1.02 1.01 g
Info Average speed 64 kn38 kn min to max 68 kn 68 38 kn
Info Average pitch angle 4.1 °1.8 ° min to max 6.7 ° 6.6 1.9 °
Info Average bank angle 0.4 °0.3 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.4 0.4 °

Events

Info Flaps Fully Retracted 2 ft agl · 64 kt
Info Bounce during touchdown 2 ft agl · 64 kt
Runway Exit Exiting runway, average speed 12 kn
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
Info Average speed 14 kn6 kn min to max 32 kn 32 6 kn
Info Average pitch angle 2.0 °1.3 ° min to max 2.4 ° 1.8 2.4 °
Info Average bank angle 0.2 °0.0 ° min to max 0.5 ° 0.4 0.0 °
Info Average g force 1.00 g0.99 g min to max 1.01 g 1.00 1.00 g
Arrival Taxi 90.05Taxiing to the parking from the runway took less than 1 minute. and covered less than 1 nm.
ScoreDescriptionStartProfileEnd
100 % Average speed 5 kn3 kn min to max 5 kn 5 3 kn
100 % Average speed turning corners 0 knmax 0 kn 0 0 kn
100 % Average g force 1.00 g1.00 g min to max 1.00 g 1.00 1.00 g
Info Average pitch angle 2.1 °1.6 ° min to max 2.4 ° 2.4 1.6 °
Info Average bank angle 0.1 °0.0 ° min to max 0.1 ° 0.0 0.0 °

Events

Fail Landing Lights
Fail Taxi Lights

Speed and pitch

From brake release to the end of the climb, against time, then the takeoff point by point.

Lifted off at 109 kt with 3.8° of pitch.

How to read this

Two traces from brake release: the airspeed on top, and below it the pitch, which is how far the nose is above the horizon. The figure at liftoff is the pitch then.

150 kt10050020°10°0°LIFTOFF3.8° off12° at 35 ftAIRSPEEDPITCH0102030 sfrom brake release
AirspeedPitch

The takeoff, point by point

PointSpeedPitchTime
Brake release0 ft 10 kt 1.8° 0 s
80 kt1,034 ft 80 kt 1.6° 13.6 s
Liftoff1,978 ft 109 kt 3.8° 19.4 s
35 ft2,529 ft · 2.8 s after liftoff 120 kt 11.8° 22.2 s
End of the climb6,314 ft · 610 ft 148 kt 14.4° 39.2 s

Takeoff from KSFZ 23

Takeoff roll100.00
1,974ft39 %
Liftoff speed100.00
109kt
Runway alignment85.47
23.1ft R
Bounce on takeoffOk
None
Rate of climb98.77
915fpm

Side view from the start of the roll to 610 ft.

Reached 35 ft with 2,130 ft of runway left; then climbing at 1,840 fpm on average to 610 ft.

How to read this

The takeoff from the side: the height above the runway against the distance along it. The numbers along the runway are the speeds reached at each point. Lifting off in the amber last quarter of the runway costs marks for the roll length.

750 ft375 ft0THRESHOLDRUNWAY END6080KNOTS ALONG THE ROLLLiftoff 109 kt
On the runwayClimbingLast quarter of the runway

Plan view the roll down the 5,004 ft runway.

Rolled from 345 ft in, drifted 23 ft right of the centreline and was back on it to lift off, in 5 kn of crosswind from the right. Airborne 46 % of the way down the runway, before the 75 % line.

How to read this

The roll from above, with your left at the top. The line is where the wheels went, and "widest" is the furthest you drifted off the centreline. Lifting off before the amber 75 % line gets full marks for the roll length. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000THRESHOLDLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓CROSS5 kn75 %widest 23.0 ft RROLL 345 FT INAirborne 2,322 ft from the threshold
Your trackRunway used in the rollCentreline75 %: lift off before it for full marks
Runway to liftoff 2,322 ft of 5,004 ft · 46 %
Behind the start of the roll, 345 ftTakeoff roll, 1,978 ft Left ahead, 2,682 ft

The circuit to KSFZ 23

Left-hand, 1,000 ft circuit height. The plan shows your circuit over a textbook one for this runway; the profile unrolls the same path from liftoff to the threshold.

Plan landing direction to the left; in pale blue the textbook circuit for your downwind speed, 1 nm out

How to read this

The lap from above, with the landing direction to the left: the opposite of the runway drawings. The wide pale-blue line is a textbook circuit for your downwind speed - the downwind a mile out for every 100 kt, every turn at 30° of bank - and your track is drawn over it, each leg in the colour of its mark. The numbers are the four turns, the same as on the profile and the cards below. The 45° line from the threshold is the usual point to turn onto base.

45° to the thresholdTHRLANDING12crosswind90+75-89under 75not a circuit legtextbook circuit

Around the circuit height and bank; the turns are shaded

How to read this

The same lap straightened out, so the height and the bank can be read together. Each shaded stretch is a turn, numbered as on the plan. The amber line is 30° of bank, and a turn's steepest bank shows red above 32°. "Turn crosswind from" is the lowest height to start the first turn at.

05001,0001,5000°30°HEIGHT ftBANKturn crosswind from 700 ft76°1120°2distance flown →
HeightBankA turn30° of bank
1Crosswind turn
Turned at
862 ft
Bank
76°
Speed
182 kt

Steep: 76° of bank.

Bank angle in the pattern is conventionally kept to 20 to 30 degrees, and the base-to-final turn is where that convention earns its keep. Stall speed rises with bank because the wing must produce more lift in a turn. Roughly 7 per cent higher at 30 degrees, about 19 per cent at 45, and around 40 per cent at 60. At 65 kt on base you don't have much margin to spend steepening a turn to salvage an overshoot.

Read more in Pattern Work
2Onto downwind
Bank
120°

Rough: the G force varied more than a smooth turn and leg would.

The 45-degrees-behind-the-wing cue assumes you can turn your head and use peripheral vision. Downwind spacing cues like "put the wingtip halfway up the strut" assume a fixed, known eyepoint. Neither survives a monitor unmodified. If you fly on a fixed monitor, stop pretending and fly a numbers-based circuit.

Read more in Pattern Work
Entry55Crosswind74Turn onto downwind30

The approach to KSFZ 23

The final from 4 nm.

Profile height against the 2.5° glideslope, with its 2° band in green.

Inside the glideslope band from 0.6 nm, where the final began, to the threshold, never more than 40 ft below the slope.

How to read this

Your height above the runway against the distance still to go. The glideslope is the steady descent path to the aiming point, 1,000 ft past the threshold: 2.5° here, which is about 270 ft for every nautical mile out, crossing the threshold at about 40 ft. The row under the distances is the height it puts you at. Inside the green band your path is drawn green; outside it, amber.

5001,0001,5002,000 ft4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHRON SLOPE1,1008405703102.5° GLIDESLOPE · 2° BAND154
GlideslopeAllowed bandYou, inside the bandYou, outside itYour height there

Plan distance off the extended centreline, your left at the top, with the 1° band. Sideways distances are drawn 3× larger than distances along the final.

Joined 550 ft left of the centreline at 0.6 nm, then inside the band from 0.3 nm to the threshold.

How to read this

Looking down from above, flying left to right towards the runway: up the page is left of the centreline, down is right. Sideways distances are stretched so that small drifts show, so a line that looks wild here may be only a few tens of feet. The labels are how far off you were at each distance, amber when outside the band.

4 nm3 nm2 nm1 nmTHR1000 ft L01000 ft RLEFT ↑RIGHT ↓1° BAND201 ft L
Extended centreline1° either sideYour trackOutside the band

Landing and touchdown on KSFZ 23

Over the threshold

Threshold height100.00
28ft
Threshold speed99.87
85kt
Centreline offset100.00
0.0ft R

Touchdown

Past threshold100.00
1,572ft
Centreline100.00
9.8ft R
Speed100.00
72kt
Touchdown rate91.13
-136fpm
Impact100.00
1.18G
Bounces60.00
2
The crosswind

4 kt across from the right, which takes about 3° of crab to hold the centreline at 72 kt. Touched down with the nose 5° into wind, wings level.

Wind 290° at 5 kt · 1 kt head · 4 kt across

How to read this

The wind is the one recorded at the landing, split along the runway (headwind or tailwind) and across it. To hold the centreline in a crosswind the nose points a little into wind - the crab - and is straightened with rudder just before the wheels touch, often with the into-wind wing lowered to stop the drift. These are the nose against the direction you were actually moving, and the wings, at the moment of touchdown. Shown for reading; not marked.

Side view — the last 5,000 ft of the approach.

Crossed the threshold at 28 ft, 22 ft below the 50 ft target. Touched down 1,572 ft in, 572 ft past the ideal 1,000 ft.

How to read this

The last stretch of the approach and the touchdown, from the side. The height is stretched so that the last few feet show: 80 ft top to bottom, against 5,000 ft across. The dashed line is the ideal, 50 ft over the threshold and down 1,000 ft in. The flare ring is where you began raising the nose, and "descent slowed" is where the sink came off; the figures beside them are the sink rate, pitch and speed at that point.

28 ft over the threshold · target 50 ft FLARE NORMALLY STARTS 11–45 FT 80 ft400 −134 fpm · 5.4° nose up · 72 kt Ideal — 50 ft, down at 1,000 ft This flight — 28 ft, down at 1,572 ft

Sink and pitch — through the flare, lined up with the side view.

The sink went from 270 fpm at 26 ft to 130 fpm at touchdown. The nose came up 2.0° on the way down.

How to read this

Lined up with the side view above, so a point on one sits under the same point of the other. On top, how fast you were coming down: 0 is level, and −600 is 600 ft a minute down. Below, the pitch. In a flare the nose comes up and the descent slows towards 0. The figure at the touchdown line is your touchdown rate.

SINK RATE FPM · 0 IS LEVEL, LOWER IS COMING DOWN FASTERPITCH · HIGHER IS NOSE UP0−500−1,0000°5°10°touchdown−134 fpm at touchdown5.4° at touchdown
Sink ratePitchFlare began, descent slowedTouchdown

Plan view — the first 5,000 ft of the 5,004 ft runway, to the same scale as the side view.

Touched down 10 ft right of the centreline and drifted to 25 ft right on the rollout.

How to read this

The runway from above, with your left at the top. Touching down inside the green bracket scores full marks for the distance. The shaded part is the rollout, up to where it ended. The arrow beside the runway is the crosswind, pointing the way the air was moving, so it pushed the aircraft that way.

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 THRESHOLD LEFT ↑ RIGHT ↓ CROSS 4 kn FULL SCORE TO 1,650 FT 1,572 ft past threshold ROLLOUT ENDED
Your trackTouchdownRolloutCentreline

The 1,572 ft touchdown sits inside the full-score zone. The 1.18 G arrival bounced 2 times.

Runway used 2,544 ft of 5,004 ft · 51 %
In the air over the runway, 1,572 ftRollout, 972 ft Left over, 2,460 ft
Rollout distance100.00
972ft51 % used
Rollout alignment80.28
27.8ft R

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